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Effects of cryoprotectants on S. thermophilus apoptosis after freezing stress. (a) TUNEL staining; (b) FITC-VAD-FMK staining; (c) Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. (c-1) No cold-stress treatment and treatment with (c-2) 20 mM PBS (negative control), (c-3) 0.5 mg/mL rsfAFP, and (c-4) 10% (v/v) glycerol and (c-5) 1.0 mg/mL sucrose (positive controls). Q2-1: necrotic cells; Q2-2: late apoptotic cells; Q2-3: viable cells; Q2-4: early apoptotic cells.
