TABLE 3.

Critical appraisal of reviewed articles

Appraisal questions	Duijts et al., 2011	Lewis‐Smith et al., 2018	Hall‐Alston, 2015	Fong et al., 2012	Matthews et al., 2017
1. Did the study address a clearly focused question?	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
2. Was a comprehensive literature search conducted using relevant research databases (i.e. ABI/INFORM, Business Source Premier, PsycINFO and Web of Science).	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
3. Is the search systematic and reproducible (e.g. were searched information sources listed, were search terms provided)?	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
4. Has publication bias been prevented as far as possible (e.g. were attempts made at collecting unpublished data)?	Yes	No	Unclear	Yes	Yes
5. Are the inclusion and exclusion criteria clearly defined (e.g. population, outcomes of interest, study design)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
6. Was the methodological quality of each study assessed using predetermined quality criteria?	No	Yes	No	Yes	No
7. Are the key features (population, sample size, study design, outcome measures, effect sizes, limitations) of the included studies described?	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
8. Has the meta‐analysis been conducted correctly?	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
9. Were the results similar from study to study?	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
10. Is the effect size practical relevant?	Yes	Yes	No	Not Clear	No
11. How precise is the estimate of the effect? Were confidence intervals given?	ES and CI were provided	CI not provided	No ES and CI were provided	CI were provided	CI not provided
12. Can the results be applied to your organization?	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes