TABLE 4.

Description of the included interventional studies on exercise and psychological interventions for breast cancer survivors

Study	Country	Study design	Sample size	Interventions	Outcome measures	Major findings
Paulo et al., 2019	Brazil	RCT	36	Intervention group: 40‐minute combined training programme: resistance + aerobic exercise sessions three times per week for 9 months. Control group: 45‐minute stretching and relaxation exercise sessions twice per week for 9 months.	The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Breast Cancer Module (EORTC QLQ‐BR23)	The intervention group experienced an improved body image after 3 months of training relative to baseline data (p < .001), as well as further improvement at 6 months post‐training relative to 3 months post‐training.
Stan et al., 2012	USA	Open‐label one‐arm study	15	Intervention group: Introduction of Pilates principles and philosophy. One instructor‐led mat Pilates class by a Pilates Method Alliance‐certified instructor at the beginning of the study. 45‐minute Pilates exercises twice per week for the first 4 weeks, three times per week for the next 4 weeks, and four times per week for the last 4 weeks. A total of 36 sessions were given. The intervention included both class‐ and home‐based Pilates sessions.	Multidimensional Body‐Self Relations Questionnaire (MBRSQ)	Statistically and clinically significant changes were found in the subscales of health evaluation (p = .017) and body area satisfaction (p = .017) after the 12‐week Pilates programme.
Sherman et al., 2018	Australia	RCT	304	Intervention group: A single 30‐minute online writing activity that followed the model of therapeutic expressive writing (EW) to write a prompt regarding a negative body image‐related experience after breast cancer treatment. The next part of the writing was then guided by five self‐compassionate prompts. Control group: A single 30‐minute online writing activity that followed EW to write a prompt regarding a negative body image‐related experience after breast cancer treatment. The next part of the writing was not guided by self‐compassionate prompts.	The 10‐Item Body Image Scale	The intervention group showed significantly less body image distress (p = .035) and a greater body appreciation (p = .004) and self‐compassion (p < .001) than the control group. The effect was sustained at all follow‐ups (1 week, 1 month and 3 months post‐intervention). A significant decrease was observed in depression at the 1‐month follow‐up (p = .001) and in anxiety at 1‐week and 1‐month follow‐ups (p = .007).