. 2023 Mar 11;9:38. doi: 10.1038/s41531-023-00476-2

Table 1.

Demographic, clinical and CSF inflammatory characteristics in people with PD stratified by GBA mutation.

	PD_{GBA_WT} n = 400	PD_GBA n = 98	p value	PD_{GBA_risk} n = 48	PD_{GBA_mild} n = 20	PD_{GBA_severe} n = 30	p value^b
Male sex, % (n)	64 (256)	67 (66)	0.558	73 (35)	60 (12)	63 (19)	0.632
Age	66 ± 10	63 ± 9	0.029	65 ± 9	64 ± 10	59 ± 9***##	0.007
Age at onset	59 ± 11	55 ± 10	<0.001	58 ± 10	55 ± 9	51 ± 10***##	<0.001
Disease duration	7 ± 5	8 ± 6	0.017	8 ± 5	9 ± 5*	8 ± 7	0.068
H&Y	2.1 ± 0.6	2.2 ± 0.7	0.466^a	2.2 ± 0.8	2.4 ± 0.6	2.1 ± 0.6	0.513^a
UPDRS-III	26 ± 11	27 ± 12	0.711^a	28 ± 11	30 ± 15	23 ± 10	0.200^a
Montreal cognitive assessment	25 ± 4	25 ± 5	0.173^a	24 ± 4	25 ± 5	24 ± 4	0.280^a
Levodopa equivalent daily dose	560 ± 451	644 ± 438	0.737^a	610 ± 357	637 ± 278	709 ± 626	0.783^a
Cognitive impairment, % (n)
-At baseline	36 (140)	40 (39)	0.482	44 (21)	25 (5)	43 (13)	0.397
-Development during study	27 (57)	28 (15)	0.865	24 (6)	21 (3)	40 (6)	0.653
Eotaxin-1	57.0 ± 7.77	57.8 ± 7.37	0.476^a	57.6 ± 7.72	58.8 ± 5.29	57.4 ± 8.13	0.785^a
Factor-VII	437 ± 199	476 ± 204	0.103^a	470 ± 213	475 ± 176	487 ± 212	0.427^a
Intercellular adhesion molecule 1	511 ± 181	504 ± 183	0.831^a	511 ± 168	554 ± 199	459 ± 190	0.586^a
Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist	19.3 ± 8.64	20.32 ± 10.15	0.408^a	19.6 ± 9.97	21.8 ± 9.26	20.7 ± 11.5	0.695^a
Interleukin-2	10.7 ± 5.74	11.03 ± 6.52	0.456^a	10.4 ± 4.88	12.4 ± 8.09	11.2 ± 7.87	0.560^a
Interleukin-4	8.12 ± 4.03	8.906 ± 4.99	0.309^a	8.48 ± 5.02	9.34 ± 5.23	9.28 ± 5.02	0.745^a
Interleukin-6	1.04 ± 0.710	1.011 ± 0.381	0.701^a	1.03 ± 0.44	1.01 ± 0.37	0.98 ± 0.26	0.959^a
Interleukin-7	4.18 ± 2.51	4.47 ± 2.84	0.591^a	4.27 ± 2.99	3.63 ± 1.85	5.45 ± 3.11	0.317^a
Interleukin-8	40.5 ± 19.4	40.3 ± 12	0.881^a	39.8 ± 11.5	44.4 ± 12.4	38.4 ± 12.1	0.812^a
Interleukin-12p40	0.12 ± 0.06	0.12 ± 0.06	0.811^a	0.11 ± 0.05	0.13 ± 0.08	0.13 ± 0.06	0.559^a
Interleukin-18	8.26 ± 3.94	9.00 ± 4.49	0.137^a	9.16 ± 5.03	7.86 ± 3.63	9.48 ± 4.13	0.240^a
Macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha	10.4 ± 4.88	10.0 ± 4.78	0.827^a	10.3 ± 5.37	10.9 ± 5.20	9.32 ± 3.98	0.967^a
Macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta	64.0 ± 19.0	65.4 ± 18.2	0.413^a	68.2 ± 20.8	61.7 ± 13.5	63.3 ± 16.0	0.442^a
Matrix metallopeptidase 3	151 ± 65	137 ± 68	0.084^a	138 ± 62	148 ± 58	130 ± 82	0.310^a
Matrix metallopeptidase 9	6895 ± 3453	6430 ± 3128	0.234^a	6706 ± 2998	6568 ± 3438	5839 ± 3190	0.393^a
Monocyte chemoattractant Protein 1	682 ± 232	712 ± 216	0.204^a	707 ± 247	764 ± 196	686 ± 174	0.416^a
Stem cell factor	74.7 ± 23.9	74.8 ± 27.7	0.631^a	79.5 ± 25.3	71.6 ± 26.1	69.5 ± 31.9	0.474^a
Tumour necrosis factor-alpha	3.72 ± 1.32 n = 128	3.14 ± 0.92 n = 46	0.003^a	3.07 ± 1.15* n = 20	3.27 ± 0.85 n = 11	3.13 ± 0.61 n = 15	0.026^a
Vascular endothelial growth Factor	35.6 ± 6.14	36.5 ± 5.93	0.192^a	36.37 ± 6.27	37.1 ± 5.72	36.2 ± 5.67	0.565^a

Data were presented as mean and standard deviation.

^aANCOVA: age and disease duration as a covariate.

^bp value comparing all four groups of GBA_WT, GBA_risk, GBA_mild and GBA_severe.

*versus GBA_WT, # versus GBA_risk and § versus GBA_mild.