Table 3.

Comparison of PROMs

PROM	Groups	Preoperative (Mean ± SD)	Postoperative (Mean ± SD)	Improvement (Mean ± SD)	p-value
VAS—Back	Group A	6.19 ± 0.54	2.42 ± 0.50	3.77 ± 0.56	0.001
	Group B	6.68 ± 0.48	2.32 ± 0.48	4.35 ± 0.66
	Group C	6.48 ± 0.51	2.19 ± 0.40	4.29 ± 0.74
VAS—Leg	Group A	8.32 ± 0.65	2.39 ± 0.50	5.94 ± 0.85	0.06
	Group B	8.45 ± 0.57	2.23 ± 0.43	6.23 ± 0.76
	Group C	8.65 ± 0.49	2.23 ± 0.43	6.42 ± 0.62
JOA	Group A	14.19 ± 2.09	26.19 ± 2.15	− 12 ± 2.96	0.16
	Group B	14.45 ± 2.42	26.32 ± 1.14	− 11.87 ± 2.50
	Group C	14.84 ± 2.22	26.13 ± 1.02	− 11.29 ± 2.19
ODI	Group A	67.87 ± 7.57	11.29 ± 3.64	56.59 ± 7.17	0.74
	Group B	67.81 ± 6.88	11.48 ± 3.78	56.32 ± 6.95
	Group C	69 ± 6.47	11.23 ± 3.73	57.77 ± 7.18

VAS: Visual analog scale; JOA: Japanese Orthopedic Association; ODI: Oswestry Disability Index