Table 4.
The neuroprotective effects compounds of Traditional Chinese medicines on animal models post-TBI
| Compounds of Traditional Chinese medicines | Subordinate herb | Models | Species | Gender | Sample size | Mode of action | Effects on post‐TBI consequences |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ginsenoside Rg1 [67] | P. Ginseng | WDI | Rat | Male | 48 | ↓ Exos-miR-21, MMP1/3/9, ↑TIMP3, VEGF, GFAP and p-P65/P65, ZO-1,occludin and claudin-5 | ↓ cerebrovascular endothelial injury |
| Ginsenoside Rb1 [68] | CCI | Rat | Male | 36 | ↑ p-ERK1/2; ↓connexin40 | ↓ brain water content | |
| Crocin [69] | C. tinctorius | CCI | Mouse | Male | 150 | ↑ GSH, ↓ IFN-γ, TNF-α, MPO and MDA | ↑anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects; ↑ cognitive function |
| Panax Notoginseng Saponins [72] | Panax notoginseng | WDI | Rat | Male | 45 | ↑ PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Bcl-2; ↓ Bax | ↓ apoptosis cells |
| Gastrodin [75] | Gastrodia elata | WDI | Rat | Male | 30 | ↓GSDMD, NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1,caspase-11 and IL-18 | ↓ pyroptosis |
| Rhein [79] | Rheum palmatum | WDI | Mouse | Male | 44 | ↓ LDH, GSDMD, NLRP3, TLR4, MyD88, IL-1β, IL-18 and IFN-γ; ↑p10, p20 and p45 | ↑ cognitive function; ↓ pyroptosis |
| Emodin [80] | WDI | Rat | Male | 50 | ↓ NF-κB p65, ICAM-1, S100B, IL-6 and TNF-α; ↑ Nrf2 | ↑ cognitive function | |
| Ginkgolide B [82] | Ginkgo biloba | WDI | Rat | Unknown | 30 | ↓ Omi/Htr A2, procaspase-3/9, cleaved PARP, XIAP | ↓ apoptosis cells;↓ brain edema |
| Resveratrol [83–85] | P.cuspidatum | WDI | Mouse | Male | 72 | ↓P-p38 MAPK; ↑ Sirtuin 1 and SYN | ↑neurological function |
| WDI | Mouse | Male | 42 | ↑PGC-1, Sirtuin1and SYN | ↑ cognitive function | ||
| CCI | Rat | Male | 150 | ↑P62,P-pI3K, P-Akt and P-mTOR; ↓LC3 II and Beclin-1 | ↓ brain edema; ↑ cognitive function | ||
| Curcumin [87-90] | C. longa | WDI | Rat | Male | 36 | ↑ GFAP, DCX, Map2; ↓CD68 | ↓ brain lesion, apoptosis cells |
| WDI | Mouse | Male | 30 | ↓ROS, CXCL1, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6; ↑GAP43, doublecortin | ↑cognitive function | ||
| WDI | Mouse | Male | 68 | ↓p-p38, NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α; ↑IL-10 | ↑neurological function; ↓inflammatory response | ||
| CCI | Rat | Male | 145 | ↑ BNDF, Trkb, PI3K and AKT;↑BrdU | ↑ neurogenesis, spatial memory; ↓ inflammation | ||
| Salvianolic acid A [94] | S. miltiorrhiza | CCI | Mouse | Male | 20 | ↓ TNF-α,IL-6,IFN-b,TLR2 and TLR4, NMDAR, PINK1,↑NMNAT1 | ↓ apoptosis |
| Tanshinone IIA [95] | WDI | Rat | Male | 72 | ↓ p47phox, CD11, AQP4, GFAP, MDA, CAT, IL-1β, and TNF-α; ↑SOD and GSH-PX | ↓brain edema,inflammation | |
| Artesunate [96, 97] | A. annua | CCI | Mouse | Male | 40 | ↓ Nf-kb, inflammation body complex, GFAP and Iba-1; ↑BDNF, GDNF and NT-3 | ↓inflammation |
| CCI | Rat | Male | 30 | ↓ GSK-3β; ↑occludin, ZO-1 Phosphorylation of Akt | ↓ brain water content and neuroinflammation |
TIMP3 tissue Inhibitors Of metalloproteinase 3, PI3K Phosphoinositide 3-kinase, GSDMD Gasdermin D, ASC apoptosis-related macular protein of the adapter protein containing CARD, NLRP3 NOD-like receptor protein 3, ICAM-1intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor, GFAP glial fibrillary acidic protein, XIAP X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein, LC-3II microtubule-associated-proteinlight-chain-3II, SYN synaptophysin, Trkb tropomyosin receptor kinase B