Table 5.

The neuroprotective effects of Formulae and Decoctions of Traditional medicines on animal models post-TBI

Formulae and Decoctions	Models	Species	Gender	Sample size	Mode of action	Effects on post‐ TBI consequences
Taohong-Siwu Decoction [102]	WDI	Rat	Male	126	↑ Wnt, β-catenin, BDNF and NGF	↑ nerve regeneration
Xuefu-Zhuyu Decoction [104, 105]	CCI	Rat	Male	60	↓ Ppfia3, Rab11a, Rnf216 and Rnf6	↑ spatial memory
	CCI	Rat	Male	36	↑ metabolic profiles	↑ neurological function
Buyang-Huanwu Decoction [102, 107]	WDI	Rat	Male	306	↑ Wnt, β-catenin, BDNF and NGF	↑ nerve regeneration
	WDI	Rat	Male	126	↓ GFAP and Tau	↓ the risk of death
Wuling San [108]	WDI	Mouse	Male	56	↑ PGC-1α and NRF1; ↑mitochondrial biosynthesis	↓ brain water content;↑ Supplement of energy to the brain tissue
Wendan decoction	-	-	-	-	-	-
Da Chengqi Decoction [112]	WDI	Mouse	Male	150	↓ DAO and D-lactic acid; ↑occludin	↓gastrointestinal impairment
Xiaochengqi Decoction [113, 114]	WDI	Rat	Male	108	↓AQP4, TNF-α and IL-1β	↓ brain edema
	WDI	Rat	Male	90	↓ IL-1β, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Elusimicrobia, actinobacteria; ↑ Firmicutes and Spirochetes	↓harmful bacteria; ↓ inflammatory response

BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, NGF nerve growth factor, GFAP glial fibrillary acidic protein, PGC-1α peroxlsome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactlvator-1α, NRF1 nuclear respiratory factor 1, DAO diamine oxidase