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. 2023 Feb 5;13(4):1264–1285. doi: 10.7150/thno.81860

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Strategies for the engineering of EVs: (A) preconditioning of parental cells to enhance the inherent treatment effect; (B) loading of therapeutic cargoes; (C) surface modification; and (D) fabrication of artificial EVs through the top-down disruption of parent cell membranes.

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