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. 2023 Feb 5;13(4):1264–1285. doi: 10.7150/thno.81860

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(A) Schematics of the use of hypoxia-preconditioned MSCs-derived exosomes in AD therapy. (B) Hippocampal neuron apoptosis detection by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick end labelling. (C) ADSC-exosome morphology under a transmission electron microscope. Scale bar: 100 nm. (D) Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction detection of circRNAs. (E) Detecting macrophage polarisation with immunofluorescence. Reproduced from ref. 156. Copyright © 2022 Haining Liu et al. (F) Schematics of the use of TNFα and IFNγ-preconditioned MSC-derived exosomes in AD therapy. (G) Typical stemness and immunoregulatory markers expressed by the MSCs (CTRL: control; SF: serum‐free; CYT: cytokines, TNFα and interferon gamma). (H) Photomicrographs of Golgi‐Cox-stained dendritic segments. Reproduced from ref. 58. Copyright © 2022 Morris Losurdo et al.

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