TABLE 2.
The effects of the Tabata style functional HIIT between Tabata and control groups.
| Tabata (n = 59) | Control (n = 58) | Difference between groups | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preintervention mean (95% CI) | Postintervention mean (95% CI) | Mean change (95% CI) | Preintervention mean (95% CI) | Postintervention mean (95% CI) | Mean change (95% CI) | Mean change (95% CI) | p-value | Cohen’s d (95% CI) | |
| Weight (kg) | 56.23 (54.13–58.33) | 56.04 (54.24–57.85) | -0.06% (-0.71% to 0.58%) | 56.97 (55.03–58.92) | 57.60** (55.74–59.46) | 1.25% (0.46% to 2.03%) | -1.31% (-2.31% to -0.31%) | 0.011 | -0.48 (-0.84 to -0.11) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 20.92 (20.22–21.63) | 20.86 (20.25–21.47) | -0.06% (-0.71% to 0.58%) | 21.40 (20.76–22.04) | 21.64** (21.03–22.25) | 1.25 (0.46% to 2.03%) | -1.31% (-2.31% to -0.31%) | 0.011 | -0.48 (-0.84 to -0.11) |
| WC (cm) | 73.92 (72.59–75.24) | 73.78 (72.54–75.02) | -0.16 (-0.34% to 0.02%) | 73.72 (72.45–74.98) | 73.77 (72.53–75.01) | 0.08 (-0.07% to 0.24%) | -0.24% (-0.48% to -0.01%) | 0.043 | -0.37 (-0.74 to -0.01) |
| %Body fat | 27.94 (26.79–29.08) | 27.15*** (26.08–28.21) | -2.57% (-4.06% to -1.09%) | 26.88 (25.97–27.80) | 27.69*** (26.83–28.55) | 3.23% (2.10% to 4.36%) | -5.80% (-7.65% to -3.95%) | < 0.001 | -1.15 (-1.53 to -0.75) |
| FM (kg) | 15.90 (14.80–16.99) | 15.34*** (14.40–16.27) | -2.61% (-4.36% to -0.85%) | 15.52 (14.53–16.49) | 16.12*** (15.18–17.06) | 4.58% (2.86% to 6.30%) | -7.19% (-9.62% to 4.76%) | < 0.001 | -1.08 (-1.46 to -0.69) |
| FFM (kg) | 40.34 (39.06–41.61) | 40.71* (39.53–41.88) | 1.07% (0.37% to 1.77%) | 41.46 (40.39–42.52) | 41.48 (40.45–42.51) | 0.13% (-0.51% to 0.77%) | 0.94% (-0.00% to 1.88%) | 0.051 | 0.37 (0.00–0.73) |
| Basal metabolic rate (kcal) | 1236 (1213–1260) | 1247** (1226–1268) | 0.95% (0.33% to 1.56%) | 1232 (1212–1253) | 1235 (1215–1254) | 0.20% (-0.24% to 0.64%) | 0.75% (-0.00% to 1.50%) | 0.050 | 0.37 (0.00–0.73) |
| VO2max (mL/kg/min) | 34.24 (33.21–35.27) | 38.56*** (37.43–39.69) | 12.87% (11.00% to 14.73%) | 34.67 (33.59–35.76) | 34.57 (33.51–35.63) | -0.27% (-0.66% to 0.13%) | 13.13% (11.23% to 15.04%) | < 0.001 | 2.53 (2.03–3.00) |
| VO2max (L/min) | 1.92 (1.84–1.99) | 2.15*** (2.07–2.24) | 12.73% (11.02% to 14.44%) | 1.97 (1.88–2.06) | 1.99 (1.90–2.07) | 0.98% (0.08% to 1.88%) | 11.75% (9.82% to 13.67%) | < 0.001 | 2.24 (1.76–2.68) |
| Resting Heart Rate (bpm) | 89.03 (86.55–91.52) | 80.98*** (79.17–82.80) | -8.62% (-10.34% to -6.89%) | 89.93 (87.47–92.39) | 89.97 (87.55–92.38) | 0.05% (-0.27% to 0.37%) | -8.66% (-10.42% to -6.92%-) | < 0.001 | -1.82 (-2.23 to -1.37) |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 121.37 (118.37–124.38) | 116.56*** (114.63–118.49) | -3.66% (-4.73% to -2.58%) | 123.02 (119.99–126.04) | 123.28 (120.27–126.28) | 0.22% (-0.20% to 0.64%) | -3.88% (-5.02% to -2.73%) | < 0.001 | -1.24 (-1.63 to -0.84) |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 71.46 (69.88–73.04) | 71.44 (70.01–72.87) | 0.06% (-0.41% to 0.54%) | 69.38 (67.74–71.01) | 69.48 (67.92–71.05) | 0.19% (-0.09% to 0.47%) | -0.13% (-0.68% to 0.42%) | 0.641 | -0.09 (-0.45 to 0.28) |
| Lipid profile | |||||||||
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.72 (1.58–1.85) | 1.82*** (1.71–1.94) | 8.54% (5.82% to 11.27%) | 1.78 (1.65–1.91) | 1.78 (1.65–1.91) | 0.45% (-0.40% to 1.30%) | 8.09% (5.25% to 10.94%) | < 0.001 | 1.04 (0.65–1.42) |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.63 (2.47–2.78) | 2.56* (2.42–2.71) | -1.95% (-3.53% to -0.38%) | 2.54 (2.40–2.68) | 2.56 (2.43–2.69) | 1.06% (-0.11% to 2.23%) | -3.01% (-4.96% to -1.07%) | 0.003 | -0.57 (-0.93 to -0.19) |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.09 (0.97–1.22) | 1.06** (0.94–1.18) | -1.08% (-2.85% to 0.69%) | 1.10 (0.98–1.21) | 1.10 (0.99–1.21) | 0.83% (-0.18% to 1.83%) | -1.91% (-3.93% to 0.12%) | 0.065 | -0.34 (-0.71 to 0.02) |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.91 (4.70–5.11) | 4.83* (4.67–5.00) | -1.07% (-2.00% to -0.13%) | 4.98 (4.80–5.16) | 5.02** (4.85–5.19) | 0.90% (0.25% to 1.55%) | -1.97% (-3.10% to -0.84%) | 0.001 | -0.64 (-1.00 to -0.26) |
| Carbohydrate metabolism | |||||||||
| HbA1c (%) | 5.06 (4.99–5.14) | 5.06 (4.98–5.13) | -0.17% (-0.36% to 0.02%) | 5.11 (5.03–5.18) | 5.10 (5.03–5.17) | -0.04% (-0.16% to 0.09%) | -0.13% (-0.36% to 0.09%) | 0.241 | -0.23 (-0.59 to 0.14) |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 4.93 (4.81–5.04) | 4.90 (4.80–4.99) | -0.43% (-1.09% to 0.23%) | 4.91 (4.76–5.05) | 4.90 (4.76–5.04) | -0.05% (-0.30% to 0.20%) | -0.38% (-1.08% to 0.33%) | 0.291 | -0.20 (-0.56 to 0.17) |
| HOMA-IR | 1.01 (0.95–1.07) | 0.99** (0.94–1.05) | -1.24% (-2.50% to 0.03%) | 0.99 (0.92–1.07) | 1.00 (0.93–1.08) | 0.24% (-0.07% to 0.54%) | -1.47% (-2.76% to -0.18%) | 0.026 | -0.42 (-0.78 to -0.05) |
| Endocrine regulators | |||||||||
| Fasting insulin (μU/mL) | 4.62 (4.34–4.90) | 4.56* (4.31–4.80) | -0.83% (-1.82% to 0.17%) | 4.55 (4.24–4.85) | 4.56 (4.25–4.86) | 0.29% (0.00% to 0.57%) | -1.11% (-2.15% to -0.08%) | 0.035 | -0.40 (-0.76 to -0.03) |
| Inflammation | |||||||||
| CRP (mg/L) | 0.79 (0.76–0.82) | 0.80 (0.77–0.83) | 0.46% (-0.03% to 0.96%) | 0.82 (0.80–0.85) | 0.83 (0.80–0.85) | 0.45% (-0.03% to 0.93%) | 0.01% (-0.67% to 0.70%) | 0.971 | 0.01 (-0.36–0.37) |
| Physical activity | |||||||||
| MVPA (min/d) | 105.14 (100.72–109.56) | 121.08*** (116.02–126.13) | 15.51% (13.27% to 17.74%) | 102.20 (97.98–106.41) | 98.52** (95.10–101.95) | -2.95% (-4.88% to -1.03%) | 18.46% (15.54% to 21.38%) | < 0.001 | 2.31 (1.83–2.77) |
| TPA (cpm) | 1167.21 (1099.78–1234.63) | 1327.48*** (1263.52–1391.44) | 14.92% (12.33% to 17.51%) | 1211.69 (1145.04–1278.33) | 1176.20*** (1121.21–1231.19) | -2.03% (-3.85% to -0.22%) | 16.95% (13.81% to 20.09%) | < 0.001 | 1.98 (1.53–2.41) |
| Dietary intake | |||||||||
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1706.27 (1591.21–1821.32) | 1694.23 (1601.69–1786.77) | 0.85% (-1.36% to 3.06%) | 1799.66 (1655.01–1944.30) | 1806.37 (1663.25–1949.48) | 0.60% (-0.19% to 1.39%) | 0.26% (-2.08% to 2.59%) | 0.829 | 0.04 (-0.32–0.40) |
| Vegetable (g/d) | 249.90 (220.29–279.51) | 249.40 (221.12–277.69) | 0.90% (-0.46% to 2.27%) | 278.04 (245.30–310.78) | 277.24 (244.81–309.68) | 0.01% (-0.60% to 0.63%) | 0.89% (-0.60% to 2.39%) | 0.238 | 0.22 (-0.15–0.58) |
| Fruit (g/d) | 217.59 (183.39–251.79) | 216.09 (182.84–249.34) | 1.34% (-2.00% to 4.68%) | 187.81 (161.27–214.34) | 187.12 (160.67–213.57) | 0.02% (-0.85% to 0.88%) | 1.33% (-2.11% to 4.77%) | 0.446 | 0.14 (-0.22–0.50) |
Note: BMI, body mass index; BMR, basal metabolic rate; CRP, C-reactive protein; cpm, count per minute; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FFM, fat-free mass; FM, fat mass; FPG, fasting glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MVPA, moderate-to-vigorou intensity physical activity; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total-cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; TPA, total physical activity; VO2max, maximal oxygen uptake; WC, waist circumference; *, difference between pre- and post-test, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001.