Table 2.
Determinants of disability in the study population covered in NFHS-5 (N = 2,843,917).
| Characteristics | Disability | Univariable regression | Multivariable regression | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % * , 95% CI | PR, 95% CI | aPR, 95% CI | p -value | |
| Age of participant † | |||||
| 0–14 years | 4,043 | 0.53 (0.52–0.55) | Reference | Reference | |
| 15–29 years | 6,400 | 0.86 (0.84–0.88) | 1.61 (1.53–1.70) | 5.23 (4.87–5.63) | < 0.001 |
| 30–44 years | 6,440 | 1.12 (1.09–1.15) | 2.11 (1.99–2.23) | 21.47 (19.75–23.33) | < 0.001 |
| 45–59 years | 4,780 | 1.08 (1.05–1.11) | 2.03 (1.91–2.82) | 19.89 (18.21–21.71) | < 0.001 |
| 60–74 years | 3,803 | 1.41 (1.36–1.45) | 2.65 (2.49–2.82) | 22.22 (20.33–24.28) | < 0.001 |
| 75 and above | 1,243 | 1.96 (1.85–2.07) | 3.70 (3.40–4.03) | 26.35 (23.63–29.37) | < 0.001 |
| Gender (N = 2,843,734)† | |||||
| Male | 16,054 | 1.14 (1.12–1.16) | 1.54 (1.49–1.60) | 1.58 (1.52–1.64) | < 0.001 |
| Female | 10,655 | 0.74 (0.73–0.76) | Reference | Reference | |
| Residence | |||||
| Urban | 7,623 | 0.85 (0.82–0.87) | Reference | Reference | |
| Rural | 19,087 | 0.98 (0.96–0.99) | 1.61 (1.11–1.21) | 0.98 (0.9–1.02) | 0.369 |
| Education (N = 2,842,431)† | |||||
| No education | 14,761 | 1.19 (1.17–1.21) | 2.37 (2.20–2.55) | 4.42 (4–4.87) | < 0.001 |
| Primary | 9,225 | 0.84 (0.82–0.85) | 1.65 (1.53–1.79) | 2.06 (1.90–2.25) | < 0.001 |
| Secondary | 1,134 | 0.58 (0.55–0.61) | 1.14 (1.03–1.27) | 1.21 (1.09–1.36) | < 0.001 |
| Higher | 1,569 | 0.51 (0.48–0.53) | Reference | Reference | |
| Marital status † | |||||
| Unmarried | 12,771 | 1.04 (1.02–1.06) | 1.33 (1.28–1.38) | 8.85 (8.27–9.47) | < 0.001 |
| Married | 11,255 | 0.78 (0.76–0.79) | Reference | Reference | |
| Formerly/ever married | 2,684 | 1.53 (1.47–1.59) | 1.97 (1.86–2.09) | 1.37 (1.28–1.46) | < 0.001 |
| Region † | |||||
| North | 1,988 | 0.87 (0.83–0.90) | 1.08 (1.01–1.15) | 1.38 (1.28–1.48) | < 0.001 |
| Central | 7,265 | 0.81 (0.79–0.83) | 1.01 (0.95–1.07) | 1.20 (1.12–1.28) | < 0.001 |
| East | 5,829 | 0.91 (0.88–0.93) | 1.13 (1.06–1.21) | 1.22 (1.13–1.31) | < 0.001 |
| North-east | 815 | 0.80 (0.74–0.85) | Reference | Reference | |
| West | 4,407 | 1.07 (1.03–1.09) | 1.33 (1.23–1.43) | 1.67 (1.55–1.81) | < 0.001 |
| South | 6,405 | 1.13 (1.10–1.15) | 1.41 (1.32–1.50) | 1.66 (1.55–1.78) | < 0.001 |
| Religion † | |||||
| Hinduism | 21,615 | 0.94 (.092–0.95) | 0.92 (0.83–1.02) | 0.93 (0.83–1.03) | 0.175 |
| Islam | 3,462 | 0.89 (0.86–0.92) | 0.87 (0.78–0.98) | 0.84 (0.75–0.95) | 0.006 |
| Christianity | 698 | 1.02 (0.94–1.09) | Reference | Reference | |
| Others | 934 | 1.13 (1.06–1.20) | 1.11 (0.98–1.27) | 1.20 (1.32–1.51) | 0.009 |
| Caste † | |||||
| Scheduled caste | 6,164 | 0.99 (0.96–1.01) | 1.13 (1.07–1.20) | 1.27 (1.19–1.35) | < 0.001 |
| Scheduled tribe | 2,354 | 0.87 (0.83–0.90) | Reference | Reference | |
| Other backward class | 11,361 | 0.95 (0.93–0.97) | 1.08 (1.03–1.15) | 1.35 (1.28–1.43) | < 0.001 |
| Other | 6,831 | 0.90 (0.88–0.92) | 1.03 (0.97–1.10) | 1.41 (1.32–1.19) | < 0.001 |
| Wealth index † | |||||
| Poorest | 6,574 | 1.15 (1.12–1.18) | 1.77 (1.67–1.88) | 1.55 (1.43–1.68) | < 0.001 |
| Poorer | 6,044 | 1.06 (1.03–1.08) | 1.62 (1.53–1.73) | 1.38 (1.28–1.48) | < 0.001 |
| Middle | 5,595 | 0.98 (0.95–1.00) | 1.51 (1.41–1.61) | 1.24 (1.16–1.33) | < 0.001 |
| Richer | 4,789 | 0.84 (0.82–0.07) | 1.29 (1.21–1.38) | 1.11 (1.04–1.19) | 0.002 |
| Richest | 3,707 | 0.65 (0.63–0.67) | Reference | Reference | |
| Health insurance scheme (N = 2,829,625) | |||||
| Absent | 15,386 | 0.91 (0.89–0.93) | Reference | Reference | |
| Present | 11,203 | 0.98 (0.95–1.00) | 1.07 (1.03–1.10) | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | 0.188 |
| BPL holder (N = 2,839,275)† | |||||
| No | 12,784 | 0.83 (0.81–0.84) | Reference | Reference | |
| Yes | 13,877 | 1.07 (1.05–1.09) | 1.30 (1.26–1.35) | 1.08 (1.04–1.12) | < 0.001 |
| Treatment facility † | |||||
| Public facility | 65,717 | 4.75 (4.71–4.78) | 1.21 (1.05–1.40) | 1.22 (1.05–1.42) | 0.007 |
| Private facility | 60,767 | 4.30 (4.27–4.33) | 1.00 (0.86–1.16) | 1.08 (0.93–1.26) | 0.281 |
| NGO/Trust | 662 | 4.98 (4.62–5.36) | 1.30 (0.93–1.83) | 1.34 (0.95–1.89) | 0.089 |
| Other | 1,380 | 3.94 (3.74–4.15) | Reference | Reference | |
PR, prevalence ratio; aPR, adjusted prevalence ratio; CI, confidence interval; BPL, below poverty level; NGO, non-government organization.
*Row percentage.
†p-value < 0.05.