Table 3:
Logistic regression models measuring association between geographic food access and food need 2-1-1 calls and indicators/covariates
| Full Sample N = 55,405 | Urban N = 28,467 | Peri-Urban N = 12,622 | Rural N = 14,316 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Model I (unadjusted) (Food Need Related Calls) | Model II (Food Need Related Calls) | Model I (Food Need Related Calls) | Model I (unadjusted) (Food Need Related Calls) | Model II (Food Need Related Calls) | Model I (unadjusted) (Food Need Related Calls) | Model II (Food Need Related Calls) | |
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| Variable (reference category for categorical variables) | OR [CI] | OR [CI] | OR (CI) | OR (CI) | OR (CI) | OR (CI) | OR (CI) |
| Variables Introduced in Model I | |||||||
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| Presence of Supermarket/Large Grocery Store (Referent = Access within zip code) | |||||||
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| Access only in neighboring zip codes | 1.00 [0.88–1.12] | 1.04 [0.92–1.18] | - | 0.64 ** [0.51–0.78] | 2.59 ** [1.74–3.85] | 1.23 ** [1.06–1.42] | 1.21 * [1.04–1.41] |
| No access within or in neighboring zip codes | 0.92 [0.28–3.07] | 1.03 [0.31–3.44] | - | - | - | 1.00 [0.30–3.34] | 1.03 [0.31–3.47] |
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| Presence of Convenience Store (Referent = Access within zip code) | |||||||
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| Access only in neighboring zip codes | 1.17 [0.80–1.72] | 1.28 [0.87–1.88] | - | - | - | 1.05 [0.71–1.55] | 1.12 [0.75–1.68] |
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| Race/Ethnicity (Referent = Majority Non-Hispanic White Zip Codes) | |||||||
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| Majority Racial/Ethnic Minority Zip Codes | 1.02 [0.97–1.09] | 1.04 [0.97–1.13] | 0.88 ** [0.80–0.96] | 0.91 [0.80–1.02] | 2.16 [0.83–5.61] | 1.06 [0.93–1.20] | 1.17 [0.99–1.39] |
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| Urban/Rural Status (Referent = Urban Area) | |||||||
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| Peri-Urban(Between 1,000–3,000 people/square mile) | 0.88 ** [0.82–0.94] | 0.89 ** [0.83–0.96] | - | - | - | - | - |
| Rural (<1,000 people/square mile) | 0.82 ** [0.77–0.88] | 0.81 ** [0.75–0.87] | - | - | - | - | - |
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| Variables Introduced in Model II | |||||||
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| Low-Income | |||||||
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| Percentage of Population Living Below Poverty Line | - | 1.01 ** [1.00–1.01] | 1.02 ** [1.01–1.03] | - | 1.11 ** [1.04–1.19] | - | 1.00 [0.99–1.01] |
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| Unemployment | |||||||
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| Percentage of Unemployed Population Over Age 16 | - | 1.03 ** [1.01–1.05] | 0.91 ** [0.88–0.95] | - | 1.48 ** [1.37–1.61] | - | 1.02 [0.99–1.06] |
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| SNAP Participation | |||||||
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| Percentage of Households on SNAP | - | 0.99 ** [0.98–0.99] | 1.00 [0.99–1.01] | - | 0.83 ** [0.80–0.87] | - | 0.99 [0.97–1.00] |
*
p < 0.05
**
p < 0.01
-
not included in model due to collinearity, stratification, or due to the model