Table 3.
Mean (±standard deviation) generalized Dice similarity coefficient (GDSC) of all gray matter labels in the MRI datasets between automatic and manual segmentations in experiments testing the effect of modality augmentation (ModAug) in standard U-Net (StandU-Net) and deep label fusion (DLF). Cells with better segmentation accuracy between models trained with and without ModAug in the same situation (applying to primary modality missing, secondary modality missing and both modalities present respectively) are highlighted with light red background. Supplementary Table S1 reports complete Dice similarity coefficient scores of individual labels.
| StandU-Net | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Test-time modalities | Primary Modality Missing | Secondary Modality Missing | Both Modalities Present | |||
| w/ ModAug | w/o ModAug | w/ ModAug | w/o ModAug | w/ ModAug | w/o ModAug | |
| Brain-3T-T2 (cross-validation experiment) | ||||||
| GDSC | 79.9±3.5 | 75.2±3.6 | 76.6±3.6 | 6.1±5.1 | 80.3±3.4 | 79.5±3.8 |
| Brain-7T-T2 (generalizability experiment) | ||||||
| GDSC | 56.8±11.8 | 51.3±14.2 | 56.4±7.3 | 0.0±0.0 | 67.2±4.6 | 66.1±8.6 |
| Brain-3T-T1 (cross-validation experiment) | ||||||
| GDSC | 83.7±2.7 | 37.4±13.5 | 81.7±2.7 | 2.5±1.2 | 84.7±2.1 | 84.7±2.2 |
| DLF | ||||||
| Test-time modalities | Primary Modality Missing | Secondary Modality Missing | Both Modalities Present | |||
| w/ ModAug | w/o ModAug | w/ ModAug | w/o ModAug | w/ ModAug | w/o ModAug | |
| Brain-3T-T2 (cross-validation experiment) | ||||||
| GDSC | 80.7±3.5 | 80.1±3.4 | 78.6±3.5 | 74.9±4.1 | 80.9±3.6 | 81.1± 3.4 |
| Brain-7T-T2 (generalizability experiment) | ||||||
| GDSC | 66.4±4.5 | 64.9±4.7 | 71.5±3.9 | 71.2±4.0 | 71.4±3.9 | 71.8±3.7 |
| Brain-3T-T1 (cross-validation experiment) | ||||||
| GDSC | 85.6±1.9 | 85.0±2.3 | 85.2±1.7 | 84.0±2.5 | 85.9±1.7 | 86.1±1.8 |
Abbreviations: Hippo = hippocampus; AHippo/PHippo = anterior/posterior hippocampus; CA1–3 = cornu ammonis 1 to 3; dentate gyrus = DG; subiculum = SUB; TAIL = the tail of hippocampus; ERC = entorhinal cortex; BA35/36 = Brodmann areas 35/36; PHC = parahippocampal cortex; w/ and w/o = with and without.