Table 1.
Published studies on CVD outcomes among PLHIV in Asia-Pacific counties with the greatest impact of CVD attributable to HIV status
| Study (Country, year) |
Study design | N = | Age (years) | Outcome measurements | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Karim et al. 2017 [19] (Indonesia, 2013–2014) |
Prospective cohort 1-year follow-up: |
PLHIV: 67 |
Median: 31 years (range 19–48 years) |
1. Carotid Intima-Media thickness (cIMT) 2. Diameter of carotid artery |
1. Right cIMT among PLHIV (0.70 mm) was higher than uninfected (0.58 mm) after 12 months of ART initiation, p < 0.05. 2. Left cIMT among PLHIV (0.65 mm) was higher than that of uninfected (0.58 mm) after 12 months of ART initiation, p < 0.05. 3. No difference in the diameter of the right and left carotid artery after 12 months of ART initiation. 4. Traditional risk factors associated with cIMT and carotid artery diameter after 6 months of ART initiation, p < 0.05. 5. HIV-related factors associated with carotid artery diameter after 3 months of ART initiation, p < 0.05. |
|
Subsai et al. 2006 [20] (Thailand, 2002–2004) *Poor quality |
Retrospective Cohort 2 years follow-up: |
PLHIV: 506 | Mean: 36.8 ± 7.9 | Hemorrhagic stroke or ischemic stroke |
The incidence rate of hemorrhagic stroke:1.17/100 pys The incidence rate of ischemic stroke: 2.35/100 pys The incidence rate of stroke in the HAART era is higher than in the pre-HAART era. |
|
Sitticharoenchai et al. 2019 [21] (Thailand, 2010–2015) *Good quality |
Retrospective cohort 5 years follow-up: 2010 to 2015 |
PLHIV: 1,813 |
Median: 44 (range 38–50) |
1. Coronary artery diseases 2. Ischemic stroke |
1. Incidence rate of CVD: 3.75/1000 pys 2. Previous ischemic stroke and family history of CVD associated with CVD event, Adj OR 34.69 (95%CI 5.15-233.45) and Adj OR 6.89 (95%CI 2.57–18.48). 3. Interaction effect between diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia on CVD: Adj OR 17.2 (95%CI 7.8–38.3) 4. Interaction effect between family history of CVD, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia on CVD: Adj OR 22.2 (95%CI 4.1-118.5). 5. High proportion of CVD among young HIV adult age < 55 years, 52.95% |
|
Aurpibul et al. 2019 [22] (Thailand, 2015) *Good quality |
Cross-sectional |
PLHIV: 107 Non-HIV: 48 |
PLHIV Mean: 58.7 ± 6.5 Non-HIV Mean:59.7 ± 6.5 |
1. Subclinical atherosclerosis measured by Cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) 2. Peripheral artery disease (PAD) measured by Ankle- brachial index (ABI) |
1. Prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis (23% and 29%) and prevalence of PAD (6% and 8%) between PLHIV and NonHIV 2. DM associated with CAVI among PLHIV, Adj OR 1.54 (95%CI 1.01–2.35). |
|
Putcharoen et al. 2019 [23] (Thailand, 2016–2017) *Good quality |
Cross-sectional |
PLHIV: 60 Non-HIV: 30 |
PLHIV Median: 54.9 (range 52–60) Non-HIV Median: 53 (range 50–60) |
Carotid Intima-Media thickness (cIMT) |
1. No difference in median overall cIMT between PLHIV (0.665 mm) and NonHIV (0.649 mm). 2. Of PLHIV, 10% was observed plague. 3. Male and hypertension associated with thicker cIMT among PLHIV, β = 0.041 (95%CI 0.001–0.081) and β = 0.047 (95%CI 0.003–0.092). |
|
Siwamogsatham et al. 2019 [24] (Thailand, 2016–2017) *Good quality |
Cross-sectional | PLHIV: 316 | Median age: 54.4 (IQR 51.7–59.4) | Carotid Intima-Media thickness (cIMT) |
1. Subclinical CVD 28.2% 2. Age positively associated with subclinical atherosclerosis, Adj OR 1.06 (95%CI 1.003–1.12). 3. CD4 count (< 200 cells/mm3) associated with subclinical atherosclerosis, Adj OR 1.80 (95%CI 1.02–3.18). |
|
Utama et al. 2019 [25] (Indonesia, 2017) *Good quality |
Cross-sectional | PLHIV: 50 | Mean: 30.60 ± 5.58 | Carotid Intima-Media thickness (cIMT) |
1. Older age increases the diameter of cIMT at β 0.012 (95%CI 0.002–0.022). 2. CD4/CD8 ratio increases the diameter of cIMT at β= -0.791 (95%CI -0.99 to -0.592). |
|
Rajasuriar et al. 2015 [26] (Malaysia, NA) *Good quality |
Cross-sectional | PLHIV: 84 |
Median: 41 (IQR 36–46) |
Carotid Intima-Media thickness (cIMT) | Prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis: 27.4% |
|
Aurpibul et al. 2019 [27] (Thailand, 2015) *Good quality |
Cross-sectional |
PLHIV: 362 Non-HIV−: 362 |
PLHIV: Mean 57.8 ± 5.6 Non-HIV: Mean 58.1 ± 5.7 |
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) measured by ABI |
1. Prevalence of PAD among PLHIV (5%) and nonHIV (7%) did not differ. 2. Prevalence of abnormal ABI among PLHIV (20%) were lower than that of uninfected(27%), p0.03. 3. Female sex and underweight associated with abnormal ABI among PLHIV, Adj OR 2.09 (95%CI 1.20–3.67) and Adj OR 1.73 (95%CI 1.02–2.95). |
|
Nakaranurack, Manosuthi. 2018 [28] (Thailand, 2011) *Good quality |
Cross-sectional | PLHIV: 874 | 45.5 ± 8.3 | CVD | Prevalence of CVD among PLHIV: 1.3% |
|
Lee et al. 2012 [29] (Thailand, 2009–2010) *Good quality |
Case-Control |
PLHIV with stroke: 37 PLHIV without stroke: 74 |
PLHIV with stroke: 50.5 ± 11.1 PLHIV without stroke: 50.4 ± 13.4 |
Stroke (cerebral infarction and intracerebral hemorrhage) | Tuberculous meningitis (Adj OR 11.9; 95%CI 1.2-117.2) and smoking (Adj OR 6.9; 95%CI 2.3–21.2) are associated with stroke among PLHIV. |