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. 2023 Mar 13;23:138. doi: 10.1186/s12870-023-04139-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Salt tolerance analysis of three-week-old Arabidopsis seedlings grown in soil. (A) Phenotypes of three-week-old MtEF1A1-overexpression (OE) and wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis plants after salt treatment for 21 days. Scale bar = 1 cm. CK, control (0 mM NaCl). (B-D) Levels of H₂O₂, MDA, and proline in leaves. Plant height (E), rosette leaf weight (F), and stem weight (G) of WT and OE plants treated with 0 or 200 mM NaCl. Values are means ± SD of three biological replicates. Different lowercase letters between different OE lines of one treatment indicate significant differences (p < 0.05)