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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Mar 13.
Published in final edited form as: Biling (Camb Engl). 2018 Jun 13;22(4):883–895. doi: 10.1017/s1366728918000536

Table 3.

Demographic and Standardized Assessment Information for Learners vs. Non-Learners

Monolinguals Bilinguals
Learners Non-Learners t-test Learners Non-Learners t-test
n 14 16 25 26
Age (years) 7.26 (1.02) 6.64 (1.38) t (28) = 1.38 7.70 (1.34) 6.96 (1.31) t (49) = 1.99
Parent Years of Education 17.50 (2.68) 17.78 (2.97) t (28) = −0.27 14.00 (3.43) 13.08 (3.64) t (49) = 0.93
Non-verbal IQ 118.00 (20.38) 108.50 (15.62) t (28) = 1.44 107.52 (14.17) 100.58 (12.15) t (49) = 1.88
English Receptive Lang. 115.86 (10.36) 112.13 (11.26) t (28) = 0.94 102.00 (11.19) 95.85 (16.05) t (49) = 1.56
English Expressive Lang. 116.86 (11.68) 113.63 (8.88) t (28) = 0.86 91.00 (12.94) 85.08 (17.98) t (49) = 1.35
English Core Language 116.57 (10.78) 113.81 (10.66) t (28) = 0.69 92.24 (11.90) 86.00 (18.25) t (49) = 1.44
Spanish Receptive Lang. -- -- -- 99.96 (12.25) 97.62 (13.96) t (49) = 0.40
Spanish Expressive Lang. -- -- -- 89.60 (16.61) 89.25 (14.37) t (47) = 0.20
Spanish Core Language -- -- -- 92.88 (14.09) 90.58 (15.51) t (47) = 0.90

Marginally significant at .051= p < 0.06