Table 1.
Sample Characteristics
| CHCO (n = 159) | JHMI (n = 112) | EC/CT (n = 41) | NIMH (n = 73) | PREDICT (n = 187) | Comparison statisticsa | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child characteristics | ||||||
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 12.0 (3.4) | 14.4 (2.1) | 2.9 (1.8) | 14.0 (2.8) | 3.0 (1.3) | F4,567 = 638.5, p < .001 (EC/CT,PREDICT)<CHCO<(JHMI,NIMH) |
| Natal sex (% Female) | 48 | 72 | 51 | 38 | 50 | χ24 = 25.29, p <.001 (CHCO,NIMH)<JHMI |
| Race, %b | ||||||
| American Indian | 4 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | Fisher test p = .011 |
| Asian | 10 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 4 | Fisher test p = .059 |
| Black | 9 | 39 | 8 | 10 | 9 | χ24 = 64.1, p < .001 (CHCO,EC/CT,NIMH,PREDICT)<JHMI |
| White | 86 | 52 | 31 | 68 | 84 | χ24 = 83.2, p < .001 (EC/CT,JHMI,NIMH)<(CHCO,PREDICT) EC/CT<NIMH |
| Other | 6 | 5 | 51 | 14 | 3 | χ24 = 103.7, p < .001 (CHCO,JHMI,NIMH,PREDICT)<EC/CT PREDICT<NIMH |
| Ethnicity, %b | ||||||
| Latinx | 13 | 5 | 83 | 14 | 7 | χ24 = 170.0, p < .001 (CHCO,JHMI,NIMH,PREDICT)<EC/CT |
| Caregiver characteristics | ||||||
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 45.6 (13.3) | NA | 32.0 (5.6) | NA | 33.5 (5.2) | F2,384 = 80.6, p < .001 (EC/CT,PREDICT)<CHCO |
| Natal sex, % female | NA | 76 | 100 | NA | 100 | NA |
| Marital status, % | ||||||
| Married | 79 | 51 | 29 | NA | 73 | χ23 = 50.9, p < .001 (EC/CT,JHMI)<(CHCO,PREDICT) |
| Divorced | 9 | 20 | 2 | NA | 2 | Fisher test p < .001 PREDICT<(JHMI,CHCO) |
| Widowed | 0 | 5 | 0 | NA | 0 | Fisher test p = .001 (CHCO,PREDICT)<JHMI |
| Separated | 4 | 5 | 20 | NA | 0.5 | Fisher test p < .001 (CHCO, JHMI, PREDICT)<EC/CT |
| Never married | 6 | 20 | 49c | NA | 6 | χ23 = 37.6, p < .001 (CHCO,JHMI,PREDICT)<EC/CT CHCO<(JHMI,PREDICT) |
| Unmarried couple | 3 | 0 | NA | 17 | ||
| Educational attainment, % | ||||||
| Less than high school | 0 | 3 | 39 | 2 | 0.6 | Fisher test p < .001 (CHCO,JHMI,NIMH,PREDICT)<EC/CT |
| High school or GED | 3 | 19 | 27 | 2 | 11 | Fisher test p < .001 (CHCO,NIMH)<(JHMI,EC/CT) CHCO<PREDICT<EC/CT |
| Some college | 11 | 28 | 5 | 8d | 26 | χ24 = 21.7, p < .001 NIMH<PREDICT |
| Associate’s degree | 11 | 3 | 5 | 11 | ||
| Bachelor’s degree | 38 | 26 | 22 | 14 | 33 | χ24 = 15.1, p = .005 NIMH<CHCO |
| Master’s degree | 25 | 15 | 0 | 75d | 13 | χ24 = 113.0, p < .001 EC/CT<(JHMI,PREDICT)<CHCO<NIMH |
| Doctoral degree | 12 | 5 | 0 | 6 | ||
| Employment, % | ||||||
| Working now | 59 | 83 | 51 | NA | 65 | χ23 = 21.0, p < .001 (CHCO,EC/CT,PREDICT)<JHMI |
| Temporary leave | 3 | 2 | 2 | NA | 0 | Fisher test p = .083 |
| Unemployede | 2 | 6 | 12 34 |
NA | 0.5 | Fisher test p < .001 (CHCO,JHMI,PREDICT)<EC/CT PREDICT<JHMI |
| Retired | 3 | 2 | 0 | NA | 2 | Fisher test p = .965 |
| Disabled | 6 | 3 | 0 | NA | 0 | Fisher test p = .001 PREDICT<CHCO |
| Keeping house | 23 | 4 | NA | NA | 29 | χ22 = 26.0, p < .001 JHMI<(CHCO,PREDICT) |
| Student | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | NA | 0 | Fisher test p = .618 |
| Other | 4 | 0 | 14 | NA | 3 | Fisher test p = .101 |
Note: Throughout, “NA” is used to indicate that these data were not collected for this sample or a comparison test is inappropriate. All descriptive and comparison statistics are of nonmissing values. Missing values for each group are as follows. CHCO: 1 for education; JHMI: 5 for marital status, 24 for education, 10 for employment; EC/CT: 2 for race; NIMH: 2 for race, 3 for ethnicity; PREDICT: 8 for natal sex, 4 for race, 5 for ethnicity, and 20 for education. CHCO = Children’s Hospital Colorado; EC/CT = Early Connections/Conexiones Tempranas; GED = graduate equivalency degree; JHMI = Johns Hopkins Medical Institute; NIMH = National Institute of Mental Health; PREDICT = Prospective Research on Early Determinants of Illness and Children’s Health Trajectories.
Comparison statistics by test of mean difference (1-way analysis of variance) or proportion (χ2 approximation or Fisher exact test as appropriate) for nonmissing values. A comparison test is not made for caregiver natal sex, where the null hypothesis is invalid because 2 samples recruited only women. Two-tailed, pairwise comparisons are Holm−Bonferroni corrected. All significant tests (p < .05) are indicated by a “<” or “>” character. Multiple group differences may be indicated by parenthetical groupings; for example (CHCO,JHMI,PREDICT)<EC/CT indicates that the value for EC/CT is greater than the values of each of the CHCO, JHMI, and PREDICT groups.
For the EC/CT and PREDICT sample, race and ethnicity report is for the whole family; for CHCO, JHMI, and NIMH, caregivers are prompted to respond about their child.
Never married and unmarried couples are not distinguished in the EC/CT sample.
NIMH data do not distinguish between “some college” and “associate’s degree” or graduate degrees.
Unemployed is accompanied by “looking for work” for the CHCO, JHMI, and NIMH samples. For EC/CT, unemployment has 2 categories. The first is “looking for work (12%), and the second is “not looking for work” (34%). This latter category cannot be distinguished from keeping house, which is not probed for this sample.