Table 2. Comparison of prevalence of depression by general characteristics.
| Characteristics | 2018 (n = 5,837) | 2020 (n = 5,265) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % (SE) | P value | % (SE) | P value | |||
| Sociodemographic factors | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 2.4 (0.3) | < 0.001 | 4.3 (0.5) | 0.008 | ||
| Female | 6.0 (0.6) | 6.1 (0.5) | ||||
| Age, yr | 0.022 | < 0.001 | ||||
| 19–29 | 5.8 (1.0) | 8.4 (1.1) | ||||
| 30–39 | 3.9 (0.8) | 6.7 (1.1) | ||||
| 40–49 | 3.3 (0.6) | 4.9 (0.9) | ||||
| 50–59 | 3.5 (0.6) | 2.3 (0.5) | ||||
| 60–69 | 4.1 (0.7) | 3.9 (0.7) | ||||
| 70–79 | 4.0 (0.7) | 5.0 (1.0) | ||||
| ≥ 80 | 8.5 (2.2) | 4.8 (1.9) | ||||
| Marital status | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Married | 3.1 (0.3) | 3.4 (0.4) | ||||
| Single/divorced/separated/widowed | 6.3 (0.6) | 8.3 (0.9) | ||||
| Total family members at home | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| 1 | 7.9 (1.1) | 9.9 (1.6) | ||||
| 2 | 4.2 (0.6) | 5.0 (0.6) | ||||
| 3 | 4.1 (0.7) | 4.0 (0.6) | ||||
| ≥ 4 | 3.2 (0.5) | 4.8 (0.7) | ||||
| Employment status | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Employed | 2.9 (0.3) | 3.4 (0.4) | ||||
| Unemployed | 6.8 (0.7) | 8.2 (0.8) | ||||
| Education status | 0.015 | 0.019 | ||||
| Middle school or lower | 5.8 (0.7) | 6.6 (0.8) | ||||
| High school | 4.0 (0.5) | 5.7 (0.6) | ||||
| College or higher | 3.6 (0.5) | 4.0 (0.5) | ||||
| Household Income | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Lower | 8.4 (1.1) | 9.9 (1.4) | ||||
| Lower middle | 4.5 (0.6) | 4.7 (0.8) | ||||
| Upper middle | 4.1 (0.6) | 6.0 (0.6) | ||||
| Upper | 2.0 (0.4) | 3.0 (0.5) | ||||
| Residential area | 0.089 | 0.996 | ||||
| Urban | 4.0 (0.4) | 5.2 (0.4) | ||||
| Rural | 5.5 (0.9) | 5.2 (0.7) | ||||
| Health insurance | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| National health insurance | 3.9 (0.3) | 4.7 (0.4) | ||||
| Medicaid | 16.7 (4.0) | 18.9 (3.4) | ||||
| Health-status factors | ||||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 0.040 | 0.238 | ||||
| < 18.5 | 8.7 (2.4) | 6.6 (2.0) | ||||
| 18.5–22.9 | 4.3 (0.6) | 5.1 (0.6) | ||||
| 23–24.9 | 3.3 (0.5) | 4.0 (0.7) | ||||
| ≥ 25 | 4.2 (0.6) | 5.8 (0.6) | ||||
| Comorbiditiesa | 0.002 | 0.011 | ||||
| No | 3.7 (0.3) | 4.6 (0.4) | ||||
| Yes | 5.5 (0.6) | 6.5 (0.7) | ||||
| Self-rated health | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Good | 0.8 (0.2) | 1.6 (0.4) | ||||
| Fair | 2.9 (0.3) | 3.6 (0.4) | ||||
| Poor | 14.3 (1.4) | 16.4 (1.5) | ||||
| Health behavior factors | ||||||
| Smoking status | 0.065 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Current smoker | 5.2 (0.7) | 8.8 (1.2) | ||||
| Never/Past smoker | 3.9 (0.4) | 4.3 (0.4) | ||||
| Drinking status | < 0.001 | 0.537 | ||||
| Risky drinking | 6.9 (1.0) | 5.8 (1.2) | ||||
| Non-Risky drinking | 3.8 (0.4) | 5.1 (0.4) | ||||
| Physical activity | 0.601 | 0.833 | ||||
| Sufficient | 4.0 (0.5) | 5.1 (0.6) | ||||
| Insufficient | 4.4 (0.5) | 5.2 (0.5) | ||||
| Health screening within the last 2 years | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 3.4 (0.3) | 4.3 (0.4) | ||||
| No | 6.1 (0.7) | 7.1 (0.9) | ||||
All data were weighted to the Korean standard population. P values were obtained by χ2 test.
SE = standard error, PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire-9, BMI = body mass index.
aComorbidities: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, ischemic heart disease, stroke, cancer, chronic pulmonary disease, liver cirrhosis, and chronic renal disease.