Table 3. Factors associated with prevalence of depression during the COVID-19 pandemic.
| Variables | Prevalence of depression in 2020 | P value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude OR (95% CI) | P value | aORa (95% CI) | ||||
| Sociodemographic factors | ||||||
| Female sex | 1.45 (1.10–1.89) | 0.008 | 1.63 (1.10–2.41) | 0.015 | ||
| Age, yr | ||||||
| 19–29 | 1.83 (0.77–4.31) | 0.168 | 7.31 (2.40–22.21) | 0.001 | ||
| 30–39 | 1.44 (0.61–3.40) | 0.404 | 7.38 (2.66–20.47) | < 0.001 | ||
| 40–49 | 1.02 (0.43–2.45) | 0.959 | 4.94 (1.84–13.31) | 0.002 | ||
| 50–59 | 0.46 (0.19–1.13) | 0.089 | 1.50 (0.59–3.78) | 0.389 | ||
| 60–69 | 0.81 (0.33–2.00) | 0.651 | 1.71 (0.70–4.21) | 0.239 | ||
| 70–79 | 1.04 (0.41–2.66) | 0.928 | 1.36 (0.52–3.52) | 0.526 | ||
| ≥ 80 | ref | |||||
| Married | 0.38 (0.28–0.54) | 0.000 | 0.68 (0.44–1.05) | 0.078 | ||
| Number of family member | ||||||
| 1 | 2.17 (1.37–3.43) | 0.001 | 1.16 (0.62–2.19) | 0.636 | ||
| 2 | 1.04 (0.70–1.54) | 0.853 | 0.96 (0.59–1.56) | 0.864 | ||
| 3 | 0.82 (0.51–1.34) | 0.431 | 0.91 (0.56–1.49) | 0.720 | ||
| Above 4 | ref | |||||
| Unemployed | 2.51 (1.92–3.29) | < 0.001 | 2.00 (1.41–2.85) | < 0.001 | ||
| Education | ||||||
| Middle school | 1.68 (1.18–2.39) | 0.004 | 1.91 (1.00–3.67) | 0.050 | ||
| High school | 1.44 (0.99–2.08) | 0.055 | 1.20 (0.80–1.79) | 0.374 | ||
| College | ref | |||||
| Household income | ||||||
| Lower | 3.51 (2.24–5.51) | < 0.001 | 1.41 (0.79–2.50) | 0.245 | ||
| Lower-middle | 1.56 (0.96–2.53) | 0.072 | 1.08 (0.64–1.83) | 0.768 | ||
| Upper-middle | 2.02 (1.34–3.04) | 0.001 | 1.83 (1.18–2.85) | 0.008 | ||
| Upper | ref | |||||
| Urban residency | 1.00 (0.71–1.41) | 0.996 | ||||
| Medicaid | 4.73 (3.02–7.41) | < 0.001 | 2.35 (1.33–4.14) | 0.003 | ||
| Health-status factors | ||||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | ||||||
| < 18.5 | 1.16 (0.59–2.27) | 0.665 | 1.02 (0.51–2.06) | 0.947 | ||
| 18.5–22.9 | 0.88 (0.64–1.20) | 0.410 | 0.97 (0.66–1.43) | 0.872 | ||
| 23.0–24.9 | 0.69 (0.46–1.03) | 0.066 | 0.92 (0.59–1.45) | 0.720 | ||
| ≥ 25.0 | ref | |||||
| Comorbiditiesb | 1.43 (1.09–1.89) | 0.011 | 1.36 (0.95–1.96) | 0.092 | ||
| Self-related health | ||||||
| Fair | ref | |||||
| Good | 0.43 (0.25–0.75) | 0.003 | 0.43 (0.24–0.77) | 0.005 | ||
| Poor | 5.35 (3.92–7.29) | < 0.001 | 4.99 (3.46–7.20) | < 0.001 | ||
| Current smoking | 2.14 (1.57–2.91) | < 0.001 | 2.29 (1.51–3.47) | < 0.001 | ||
| Risky drinking | 1.15 (0.74–1.79) | 0.537 | ||||
| Insufficient physical activity | 0.97 (0.72–1.30) | 0.833 | ||||
| Regular health screening | 0.59 (0.44–0.79) | < 0.001 | 1.04 (0.72–1.50) | 0.827 | ||
All data were weighted to the Korean standard population. Analyses were performed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression models.
COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019, OR = odds ratio, aOR = adjusted odds ratio, CI = confidence interval, BMI = body mass index.
aAdjusted for age, sex, marital status, education status, employment status, household income, residential area, type of health insurance, BMI, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, ischemic heart disease, stroke, cancer, chronic pulmonary diseases, liver cirrhosis, chronic renal disease, level of self-related health, smoking status, drinking status, physical activity status and receiving regular health check-ups.
bComorbidities: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, ischemic heart disease, stroke, cancer, chronic pulmonary disease, liver cirrhosis, and chronic renal disease.