Table 3.

Cumulative effect of insulin and insulin resistance categories from age 15 to 24 yr on carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity and carotid intima-media thickness progression from ages 17 through 24 yr

N = 1,799	Carotid-Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity		Carotid Intima-Media Thickness
All participants	Effect estimate (95% CI)	P value	Effect estimate (95% CI)	P value
High glucose (≥75 percentile)	Reference		Reference
	0.008 (−0.008 to 0.025)	0.302	0.009 (−0.003 to 0.021)	0.130
High insulin (≥75 percentile)	Reference		Reference
	−0.019 (−0.037 to −0.002)	0.033	0.002 (−0.030 to 0.013)	0.704
High HOMA-IR (≥75 percentile)	Reference		Reference
	−0.021 (−0.039 to −0.004)	0.019	0.003 (−0.009 to 0.016)	0.608
Male (n = 892)
High glucose (≥75 percentile)	Reference		Reference
	0.017 (−0.008 to 0.042)	0.183	0.004 (−0.014 to 0.022)	0.656
High insulin (≥75 percentile)	Reference		Reference
	−0.017 (−0.045 to 0.011)	0.221	−0.001 (−0.020 to 0.019)	0.910
High HOMA-IR (≥75 percentile)	Reference		Reference
	−0.022 (−0.050 to 0.006)	0.119	0.003 (−0.016 to 0.023)	0.738
Female (n = 887)
High glucose (≥75 percentile)	Reference		Reference
	0.002 (−0.019 to 0.023)	0.849	0.011 (−0.005 to 0.026)	0.191
High insulin (≥75 percentile)	Reference		Reference
	−0.020 (−0.044 to 0.003)	0.085	0.007 (−0.011 to 0.024)	0.461
High HOMA-IR (≥75 percentile)	Reference		Reference
	−0.020 (−0.043 to 0.003)	0.085	0.004 (−0.013 to 0.022)	0.630

Effect estimates and confidence interval (CI) from linear mixed model repeated-measure analyses. Associations with P values <0.05 are considered statistically significant. The model that included all participants was adjusted for all statistically significant univariate predictors of arterial stiffness progression, namely, sex, and age, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, total fat mass, lean mass, heart rate, sedentary time, light physical activity, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. The association of fasting glucose with arterial stiffness progression was additionally adjusted for insulin. Carotid intima-media thickness progression model was adjusted for all statistically significant univariate predictors, namely, sex, age, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, insulin or glucose, total fat mass, lean mass, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, sedentary time, light physical activity, and smoking status. HOMA-IR model was not adjusted for insulin or glucose. All predictors and covariates except sex were repeatedly measured at 15-, 17-, and 24-yr clinic visits. Sex-based analyses were not adjusted for sex. The outcomes, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity and carotid intima-media thickness, were measured at 17- and 24-yr clinic visits. Glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance binary categories were grouped as ≥75 percentile as high and <75 percentile as moderate, normal, healthy, or not high. The moderate, normal or healthy group was the reference category. HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance.