Table 4.

Body mass index stratified groups of cumulative effect of insulin and insulin resistance categories from age 15 to 24 yr on carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity and carotid intima-media thickness progression from ages 17 through 24 yr

BMI-Groups at 17 yr of age	Carotid-Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity		Carotid Intima-Media Thickness
Normal Weight (n = 1,430)	Effect Estimate (95% CI)	P Value	Effect Estimate (95% CI)	P Value
High glucose (≥75 percentile)	Reference		Reference
	0.054 (0.027 to 0.081)	0.465	0.011 (−0.002 to 0.025)	0.089
High insulin (≥75 percentile)	Reference		Reference
	−0.018 (−0.038 to 0.002)	0.079	0.002 (−0.013 to 0.017)	0.788
High HOMA-IR (≥75 percentile)	Reference		Reference
	−0.019 (−0.039 to 0.002)	0.072	0.003 (−0.011 to 0.018)	0.666
Overweight and obese (n = 349)
High glucose (≥75 percentile)	Reference		Reference
	0.008 (−0.028 to 0.044)	0.674	−0.002 (−0.029 to 0.025)	0.879
High insulin (≥75 percentile)	Reference		Reference
	−0.013 (−0.048 to 0.022)	0.469	−0.003 (−0.029 to 0.023)	0.823
High HOMA-IR (≥75 percentile)	Reference		Reference
	−0.020 (−0.055 to 0.014)	0.249	0.0002 (−0.025 to 0.025)	0.990
BMI—groups at 24 yr of age
Normal weight (n = 1,103)
High glucose (≥75 percentile)	Reference		Reference
	−0.003 (−0.026 to 0.019)	0.764	0.016 (−0.001 to 0.032)	0.061
High insulin (≥75 percentile)	Reference		Reference
	−0.005 (−0.030 to 0.021)	0.726	0.013 (−0.005 to 0.032)	0.160
High HOMA-IR (≥75 percentile)	Reference		Reference
	−0.012 (−0.037 to 0.013)	0.360	0.013 (−0.005 to 0.032)	0.154
Overweight and obese (n = 676)
High glucose (≥75 percentile)	Reference		Reference
	0.025 (−0.007 to 0.057)	0.130	0.013 (−0.010 to 0.035)	0.269
High insulin (≥75 percentile)	Reference		Reference
	−0.027 (−0.058 to 0.005)	0.099	−0.010 (−0.031 to 0.115)	0.362
High HOMA-IR (≥75 percentile)	Reference		Reference
	−0.024 (−0.055 to 0.007)	0.129	−0.008 (−0.028 to 0.014)	0.482

Effect estimates and confidence interval (CI) from linear mixed model repeated-measure analyses. Associations with P values <0.05 are considered statistically significant. The model which included all participants was adjusted for all statistically significant univariate predictors of arterial stiffness progression, namely, sex, age, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, lean mass, heart rate, sedentary time, light physical activity, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. The association of fasting glucose with arterial stiffness progression was additionally adjusted for insulin. Carotid intima-media thickness progression model was adjusted for all statistically significant univariate predictors, namely, sex, age, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, insulin or glucose, lean mass, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, sedentary time, light physical activity, and smoking status. HOMA-IR model was not adjusted for insulin or glucose. All predictors and covariates except sex were repeatedly measured at 15-, 17-, and 24-yr clinic visits. The outcomes, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity and carotid intima-media thickness, were measured at 17- and 24-yr clinic visit. Glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance binary categories were grouped as ≥75 percentile as high and <75 percentile as moderate, normal, healthy. The moderate, normal, or healthy group was the reference category. Body mass index category was classified as ≥ 25 kg/m² as overweight and obese and those with <25 kg/m² as normal weight. BMI, body mass index; CI; confidence interval; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance.