Table 2.
Longitudinal associations of arterial stiffness and carotid intima-media thickness at 17.7 yr with the risk of elevated resting heart rate and C-reactive protein at 24.5 yr
| Elevated Resting Heart Rate, n = 377 |
Elevated Hs C-Reactive Protein, n = 1,704 |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P Value | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P Value | |
| 3,862 participants (All) | ||||
| Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity | 1.32 (1.06–1.65) | 0.014 | 1.14 (0.95–1.37) | 0.155 |
| Carotid intima-media thickness | 1.78 (0.79–4.04) | 0.165 | 1.25 (0.75–2.08) | 0.383 |
| 1,719 Male participants | (n = 112) | (n = 614) | ||
| Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity | 1.14 (0.71–1.83) | 0.592 | 1.15 (0.92–1.45) | 0.219 |
| Carotid intima-media thickness | 0.57 (0.14–2.34) | 0.428 | 0.58 (0.23–1.45) | 0.236 |
| 2,413 Female participants | (n = 265) | (n = 1,071) | ||
| Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity | 1.58 (1.20–2.08) | 0.001 | 1.01 (0.81–1.26) | 0.943 |
| Carotid intima-media thickness | 2.45 (0.91–6.57) | 0.075 | 2.30 (1.18–4.46) | 0.014 |
Multivariable model was adjusted for sex only in all participants, age at 17.7 yr, time in years between 17.7 and 24.5 yr, and covariates at 17.7 yr such as heart rate or high-sensitivity C-reactive protein depending on the outcome, fasting low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, insulin, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose, systolic blood pressure, total fat mass, lean mass, moderate to vigorous physical activity at 15.5 yr, smoking status at 17.7 yr, and family history of hypertension/diabetes/high cholesterol/vascular disease. Odds ratios were from logistic regression model analyses. n is the number of cohort participants. CI, confidence interval; n, sample size of the studied population who had an elevated risk of resting heart rate (10% of 3,862 participants) and high sensitivity (hs) C-reactive protein (44% of 3,862 participants). Multiple imputations were used to account for missing cases. P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. The risk of elevated high sensitivity C-reactive protein was classified as >1.0 mg/L and elevated resting heart rate was categorized as > 80 beats/min.