Table 4.

Summarize of Procedures, Indications, Complications, and Possible Safety Measures

Procedure	Indications	Complication	Risk Factors/ Safety Measures
Spinal Cord Stimulation	Failed Back Surgery Syndrome (FBSS) Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Neuropathic pain Vascular and Ischemic pain Diabetic Neuropathy Refractory Angina	Infection	Address diabetes, debilitation status, malnutrition, obesity, pre-existing infection, smoking, corticosteroid use, autoimmune disorder, poor hygiene, and urinary or fecal incontinence
Intrathecal Drug Delivery System	Cancer Pain - Dystonia (Spasticity)	Infection	Address Diabetes, debilitation status, malnutrition, obesity, pre-existing infection, smoking, corticosteroid use, autoimmune disorder, poor hygiene, and urinary or fecal incontinence
		Granuloma Formation	Avoid high concentration of morphine with slow infusion rates
Epidural Lysis	FBSS Radiculopathy Spinal Stenosis	Neurological Damage	-Meticulous fluoroscopic guidance -Injection of local anesthetic before hypertonic saline
Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty	- Vertebral fracture	Cement Extravasation	Blush venography before injection Injection of the appropriate amount of cement Injection without excessive pressure Avoidance of excessive cement liquescency Fluoroscopic vigilance for cement extravasation
Intradiscal Procedures (IDET, biacuplasty, PLDD)	Discogenic Pain Radicular Pain	Transient radiculopathy Cauda equina syndrome	Meticulous fluoroscopic guidance
		Discitis	Antibiotic prophylaxis Careful antiseptic preparation