TABLE 1.
Distribution of Baseline Characteristics for COSMOS-Mind Participants by Cocoa Extract (CE) and Multivitamin-Mineral (MVM) Treatment Assignment
| Characteristic a | Overall (N=2262) | CE-Placebo, MVM-Placebo (N=587) | CE, MVM-Placebo (N=553) | CE-Placebo, MVM (N=551) | CE, MVM (N=571) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), years | 72.97 (5.63) | 73.10 (5.72) | 73.21 (5.62) | 72.86 (5.64) | 72.70 (5.52) |
| Sex, N (%) | |||||
| male | 914 (40.4) | 227 (38.7) | 223 (40.3) | 232 (42.1) | 232 (40.6) |
| female | 1348 (59.6) | 360 (61.3) | 330 (59.7) | 319 (57.9) | 339 (59.4) |
| Race and Ethnicity, N (%) | |||||
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 13 (0.6) | 2 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) | 8 (1.5) | 2 (0.4) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 39 (1.7) | 8 (1.4) | 12 (2.2) | 10 (1.8) | 9 (1.6) |
| Black/African American | 131 (5.8) | 34 (5.8) | 23 (4.2) | 34 (6.2) | 40 (7.0) |
| Hispanic | 67 (3.0) | 21 (3.6) | 18 (3.3) | 15 (2.7) | 13 (2.3) |
| Multiracial/unknown/not reported | 6 (0.3) | 2 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.4) | 1 (0.2) |
| Non-Hispanic White | 2006 (88.7) | 520 (88.6) | 498 (90.1) | 482 (87.5) | 506 (88.6) |
| Education, N (%) | |||||
| did not complete high school | 11 (0.5) | 4 (0.7) | 1 (0.2) | 4 (0.7) | 2 (0.4) |
| high school diploma or G.E.D. | 258 (11.4) | 69 (11.8) | 68 (12.3) | 58 (10.5) | 63 (11.0) |
| attended or graduated college | 880 (38.9) | 230 (39.2) | 207 (37.4) | 220 (39.9) | 223 (39.1) |
| post-college | 1113 (49.2) | 284 (48.4) | 277 (50.1) | 269 (48.8) | 283 (49.6) |
| Body Mass Index, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 27.64 (5.16) | 27.48 (5.08) | 27.86 (5.40) | 27.57 (5.15) | 27.65 (5.01) |
| Diabetes, N (%) | 255 (11.3) | 74 (12.6) | 60 (10.9) | 61 (11.1) | 60 (10.5) |
| CVD History, N (%) b | 197 (8.7) | 59 (10.1) | 36 (6.5) | 44 (8.0) | 58 (10.2) |
| Hypertension, N (%) | 1333 (59.2) | 358 (61.3) | 321 (58.3) | 318 (57.7) | 336 (59.3) |
| Medication Use, N (%) | |||||
| antihypertensive | 1013 (54.3) | 327 (56.2) | 292 (53.5) | 296 (54.0) | 314 (55.5) |
| NSAID | 627 (28.0) | 168 (28.9) | 152 (27.7) | 137 (25.3) | 170 (30.0) |
| statin | 976 (43.5) | 262 (45.0) | 240 (43.8) | 224 (41.0) | 250 (44.1) |
| Total Metabolic Equivalent (MET) Hours of Exercise per Week, mean (SD) | 22.41 (23.47) | 21.51 (22.65) | 22.55 (23.83) | 23.57 (25.78) | 22.07 (21.51) |
| Depression, N (%) | 469 (20.9) | 123 (21.2) | 105 (19.1) | 124 (22.8) | 117 (20.6) |
| Smoking Status, N (%) | |||||
| never | 1153 (51.8) | 308 (53.4) | 271 (49.5) | 276 (51.2) | 298 (53.1) |
| past | 1004 (45.1) | 247 (42.8) | 267 (48.7) | 245 (45.5) | 245 (43.7) |
| current | 68 (3.0) | 22 (3.8) | 10 (1.8) | 18 (3.3) | 18 (3.2) |
| Alcohol Intake, N (%) | |||||
| rarely/never | 646 (29.4) | 193 (33.6) | 140 (25.9) | 152 (28.4) | 161 (29.4) |
| monthly | 152 (6.9) | 37 (6.5) | 42 (7.8) | 38 (7.1) | 35 (6.4) |
| weekly | 812 (36.9) | 196 (34.2) | 219 (40.5) | 192 (35.8) | 205 (37.5) |
| daily | 588 (26.8) | 148 (25.8) | 140 (25.9) | 154 (28.7) | 146 (26.7) |
| Baseline Chocolate Intake, N (%) | |||||
| rarely/never | 361 (16.5) | 88 (15.4) | 90 (16.7) | 91 (17.0) | 92 (16.8) |
| monthly | 307 (14.0) | 77 (13.5) | 74 (13.8) | 70 (13.1) | 86 (15.7) |
| weekly | 1274 (58.2) | 337 (59.0) | 319 (59.3) | 312 (58.3) | 306 (55.9) |
| daily | 249 (11.4) | 69 (12.1) | 55 (10.2) | 62 (11.6) | 63 (11.5) |
| Baseline Multivitamin-Mineral Use, N (%) | 956 (42.5) | 242 (41.7) | 232 (42.3) | 238 (43.4) | 244 (42.7) |
| Baseline Cognitive Function, mean (SD) | |||||
| Global Cognition Composite | -0.00 (1.00) | -0.05 (0.99) | 0.02 (1.00) | 0.05 (1.02) | -0.01 (0.99) |
| Executive Function Composite | 0.00 (1.00) | -0.05 (0.99) | -0.03 (0.97) | 0.08 (1.04) | 0.01 (1.00) |
| Episodic Memory Composite | 0.00 (1.00) | -0.03 (1.01) | 0.07 (0.99) | 0.01 (1.00) | -0.04 (1.01) |
| TICSm c | 36.60 (3.89) | 36.45 (3.88) | 36.66 (3.96) | 36.63 (3.84) | 36.68 (3.87) |
| Long Delay Word List Recall d | 3.02 (1.83) | 2.95 (1.78) | 3.05 (1.83) | 3.09 (1.86) | 2.99 (1.85) |
| Story Recall e | |||||
| Immediate | 12.00 (3.85) | 11.91 (3.91) | 12.26 (3.77) | 11.95 (3.79) | 11.89 (3.91) |
| Delayed | 10.77 (3.94) | 10.77 (3.95) | 10.98 (3.88) | 10.75 (3.86) | 10.57 (4.06) |
| Oral Trail-Making Test, median (IQR) f | |||||
| Part A | 9 (8, 11) | 9 (8, 11) | 9 (8, 11) | 9 (8, 11) | 9 (8, 11) |
| Part B | 30 (24, 46) | 30 (23, 44) | 30 (24, 46) | 30 (24, 46) | 31 (24, 48) |
| Verbal Fluency g | |||||
| Category | 35.02 (8.24) | 34.80 (7.88) | 34.89 (8.26) | 35.32 (8.33) | 35.07 (8.51) |
| Letter | 25.54 (8.12) | 25.34 (7.82) | 25.40 (7.67) | 26.01 (8.29) | 25.42 (8.65) |
| Number Span h | |||||
| Forward | 8.19 (2.39) | 8.10 (2.32) | 8.06 (2.43) | 8.39 (2.51) | 8.22 (2.29) |
| Backward | 6.87 (2.32) | 6.85 (2.32) | 6.86 (2.17) | 6.97 (2.53) | 6.80 (2.25) |
| Digit Ordering Test i | 6.27 (2.19) | 6.16 (2.22) | 6.25 (2.08) | 6.39 (2.27) | 6.27 (2.19) |
There were no significant group differences for any baseline characteristic (i.e., p>0.05).
Based on self-report of transient ischemic attack, congestive heart failure, coronary artery bypass graft, angioplasty, or stent.
Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-modified (TICSm; maximum score=50) is a measure of global cognition and includes short delay word list recall (10-minute delay).
Long Delay Word List Recall (40-minute delay; maximum score=10) measures verbal memory.
Immediate and Delayed Story Recall (SRI & II) measures verbal memory (maximum score per test=25).
Oral Trail-Making Test is a modified version of the original paper and pencil version that measures simple attention (Part A; not included in analyses) and executive function (Part B); times to complete Part B were log transformed prior to analysis.
Verbal Fluency is a measure of language accessibility and includes fluency by category (animals, vegetables) and by letter (F, L).
Number Span measures simple attention and working memory.
Digit Ordering Test is a task of working memory that is similar to but more difficult than Number Span Backward.