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. 2023 Mar 2;55(3):507–518. doi: 10.1038/s41588-023-01302-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 7 — a, Estimation of the divergence times of seven pearl millet accessions and six closely related species. PmiG represents Tift 23D2B1-P1-P5. The right panel displays the distribution of single-copy, multiple-copy, unique and other gene orthologs. b, Functional enrichment analyses showed the enrichment of some genes in stress-related processes or pathways among expanded family, specific, and positively selected gene sets. c, Estimated insertion times of LTR TEs encompassing the specific RWP-RKs of pearl millet belonging to clade A and the nonspecific RWP-RKs belonging to clade B. Center line, median; box limits, upper and lower quartiles; whiskers, 1.5x interquartile range; and dots represent outliers. d, Expression of seven RWP-RK genes under control (CK) and heat treatments (H). Significant differences were performed by DESeq2 to determine fold change (FC) of gene expressions between the CK and H groups (two-tailed Wald test). The FC was determined by * (0 < |log2FC|< 1, FDR-adjusted P < 0.05) or ** (|log2FC|>= 1, FDR-adjusted P < 0.05). The blue and red */** represent gene down- and upregulation, respectively. e, Expression of two RWP fragments (RWP1 and RWP2) in 13 transgenic rice lines. A value above 0 indicates the upregulation of this gene. Error bars, mean ± s.d.; n = 3 biological replicates.