Table 1.
Respiratory and cardiovascular changes before electrical stimulation of dlPAG (Pre-drug), during electrical stimulation of dlPAG (Pre-drug stim), 4 min after PBS, kynurenic acid, DAP-5, CNQX or MCPG microinjections within the A5 region (Post-drug) and during dlPAG electrical stimulation after PBS, kynurenic acid, DAP-5, CNQX or MCPG microinjections within the A5 region (Post-drug stim)
| PBS | Pre-drug | Pre-drug Stimulation | Post-drug | Post-drug Stimulation |
| A5 (n=7) | ||||
| Ti (s) | 0.203 ± 0.01 | 0.194 ± 0.01 | 0.205 ± 0.01 | 0.197 ± 0.01 |
| Te (s) | 0.343 ± 0.02 | 0.238 ± 0.02*** | 0.352 ± 0.03 | 0.242 ± 0.03&&& |
| PP (cm H2O) | 0.369 ± 0.03 | 0.509 ± 0.04* | 0.393 ± 0.02 | 0.506 ± 0.03& |
| RR (rpm) | 111 ± 6 | 138 ± 7*** | 109 ± 5 | 139 ± 8&&& |
| BP (mmHg) | 102 ± 2 | 147 ± 4*** | 104 ± 4 | 144 ± 3&&& |
| HR (bpm) | 339 ± 9 | 386 ± 12*** | 342 ± 11 | 387 ± 10&&& |
| Kynurenic acid | Pre-drug | Pre-drug Stimulation | Post-drug | Post-drug Stimulation |
| A5 (n=8) | ||||
| Ti (s) | 0.258 ± 0.01 | 0.215 ± 0.01* | 0.253 ± 0.01 | 0.245 ± 0.02 |
| Te (s) | 0.362 ± 0.02 | 0.255 ± 0.02** | 0.480 ± 0.04†† | 0.350 ± 0.02 & ## |
| PP (cm H2O) | 0.302 ± 0.03 | 0.519 ± 0.03** | 0.388 ± 0.02 | 0.516 ± 0.04& |
| RR (rpm) | 98 ± 4 | 129 ± 4*** | 85 ± 7† | 101 ± 4 && ### |
| BP (mm Hg) | 103 ± 3 | 145 ± 2*** | 103 ± 2 | 137 ± 7 &&& |
| HR (bpm) | 391 ± 12 | 430 ± 10*** | 383 ± 15 | 380 ± 14### |
| DAP-5 | Pre-drug | Pre-drug Stimulation | Post-drug | Post-drug Stimulation |
| A5 (n=7) | ||||
| Ti (s) | 0.283 ± 0.02 | 0.235 ± 0.01* | 0.289 ± 0.04 | 0.250 ± 0.01& |
| Te (s) | 0.386 ± 0.02 | 0.266 ± 0.02*** | 0.398 ± 0.03 | 0.290 ± 0.02&& |
| PP (cm H2O) | 0.365 ± 0.03 | 0.591 ± 0.04*** | 0.356 ± 0.02 | 0.569 ± 0.04&&& |
| RR (rpm) | 92 ± 5 | 121 ± 4*** | 90 ± 4 | 112 ± 2&& |
| BP (mm Hg) | 104 ± 2 | 174 ± 3*** | 113 ± 4 | 174 ± 6&&& |
| HR (bpm) | 362 ± 17 | 403 ± 11*** | 369 ± 12 | 377 ± 13# |
| CNQX | Pre-drug | Pre-drug Stimulation | Post-drug | Post-drug Stimulation |
| A5 (n=7) | ||||
| Ti (s) | 0.202 ± 0.01 | 0.176 ± 0.01** | 0.191 ± 0.01 | 0.189 ± 0.01 |
| Te (s) | 0.358 ± 0.02 | 0.262 ± 0.02*** | 0.434 ± 0.04 | 0.313 ± 0.02&&& # |
| PP (cm H2O) | 0.380 ± 0.02 | 0.631 ± 0.05*** | 0.403 ± 0.02 | 0.648 ± 0.05&&& |
| RR (rpm) | 109 ± 5 | 141 ± 8*** | 98 ± 5 | 122 ± 6&&& # |
| BP (mm Hg) | 109 ± 2 | 160 ± 5*** | 128 ± 4†† | 172 ± 4&&& ## |
| HR (bpm) | 323 ± 10 | 360 ± 7*** | 350 ± 8†† | 368 ± 6&& |
| MCPG | Pre-drug | Pre-drug Stimulation | Post-drug | Post-drug Stimulation |
| A5 (n=7) | ||||
| Ti (s) | 0.255 ± 0.01 | 0.204 ± 0.01** | 0.245 ± 0.01 | 0.227 ± 0.01# |
| Te (s) | 0.428 ± 0.04 | 0.337 ± 0.02*** | 0.468 ± 0.05 | 0.320 ± 0.03&& |
| PP (cm H2O) | 0.333 ± 0.02 | 0.519 ± 0.02*** | 0.319 ± 0.02 | 0.505 ± 0.02&&& |
| RR (rpm) | 91 ± 6 | 115 ± 6** | 87 ± 7 | 112 ± 6&& |
| BP (mmHg) | 105 ± 3 | 166 ± 8*** | 116 ± 8 | 164 ± 11&&& |
| HR (bpm) | 336 ± 12 | 377 ± 13*** | 340 ± 14 | 359 ± 17&& |
Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 Pre-drug vs Pre-drug Stimulation; &p < 0.05, &&p < 0.01, &&&p < 0.001 Post-drug vs Post-drug Stimulation; †p < 0.05, ††p < 0.01 Pre-drug vs Post-drug; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 Pre-drug Stimulation vs Post-drug Stimulation. Abbreviations: Inspiratory time (Ti). Expiratory time (Te). Respiratory Rate (RR). Pleural Pressure (PP). Blood Pressure (BP). Heart Rate (HR)