Table 2.
Studies regarding the role of Galectin-3 in heart diseases
| Study | Type of sample | Number of patients enrolled | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|
| Erkilet et al. [87] | Myocardial tissue (HF) | 175 patients received a ventricular assist device (VAD) | Plasma Gal-3 levels are associated with severe HF but do not provide enough information to allow outcome prediction after VAD implantation |
| Gagno et al. [88] | Myocardial infarction | n = 496 of patients that survived acute myocardial infarction (AMI) | The assessment of Gal-3 and G3BP could aid in risk stratification after AMI |
| Gullestad et al. [84] | HF | n = 1492 patients with ischaemic systolic HF that were assigned rosuvastatin or a placebo | A treatment with rosuvastatin was beneficial for patients with ischaemic systolic HF with Gal-3 levels below 19.0 ng/mL |
| Ho et al. [32] | HF | n = 3353 of patients, n = 166 developed HF | Elevated levels of Gal-3 were associated with increased risk of HF and mortality |
| Lok et al. [30] | HF | n = 232 patients with chronic HF | Plasma Gal-3 is a biomarker for patients with chronic HF, with its prognostic value being independent of the severity of HF. Therefore, it can be used in the management of those patients |
| Stolen et al. [85] | HF | n = 654 NYHA functional class I/II patients | Gal-3 elevated levels was found to be an independent predictor of adverse outcomes related to HF in patients with mild HF |
| van Kimmenade et al. [83] | HF | n = 599 presenting dyspnea, of which n = 209 had acute HF | Gal-3 presented as a useful biomarker for evaluation of patients with suspicion or proven acute HF. The combination of Gal-3 with NT-proBNP was the best predictor for prognosis in patients with acute HF |
| Medvedeva et al. [89] | HF | 190 patients divided into 3 groups based on their NYHA functional class | Higher Gal-3 levels in patients with chronic HF and shows positive correlation with oxidative stress and inflammation markers. Gal-3 is a predictor of mortality in patients with chronic HF |
| Meijers et al. [90] | HF | n = 902 patients divided in 3 cohorts (COACH, n = 592; PRIDE, n = 181; and UMD H-23258, n = 129) | Plasma Gal-3 is a predictor of near-term rehospitalization and fatal event on postdischarge |
| Anand et al. [91] | HF | Starting cohort of n = 1650, after 4 months n = 1346, after 12 months n = 1097 | Patients with HF show elevated levels of Gal-3, with highlight for those with severe HF and renal dysfunction. The overtime increase of this cohort was independently associated with worse outcomes |
| Polat et al. [92] | HF | n = 44 patients, n = 38 controls | Gal-3 is a biomarker for the diagnosis of patients with HF with preserved ejection fraction |
| Maiolino et al. [93] | CHD | n = 1013 of randomly selected patients who underwent coronary angiography and long-term follow-up | Gal-3 is a strong independent predictor of cardiovascular death in high cardiovascular risk patients referred for coronary angiography |
HF Heart failure; CHD- Coronary heart disease; NYHA New York Heart Association; COACH Comparison of Outcomes and Access to Care for Heart Failure; PRIDE Proteomics IDEntifications database; UMD H-23258 University of Maryland Pro-BNP for Diagnosis and Prognosis in Patients Presenting with Dyspnea study, NT proBNP- The N-terminal portion of the B-type natriuretic peptide