Table 5.
A mixed effect multilevel logistic regression analysis of individual and community-level factors associated with full immunization coverage among deviant mothers/caregiver's children aged 12–23 months in Ethiopia, EDHS 2016 (n = 1,170).
| Variables | Full immunization coverage | COR (95%CI) | Model-I AOR (95%CI) |
Model-II
AOR (95%CI) |
Model-III AOR (95%CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (%) | No (%) | |||||
| Age of mothers/caregivers (in year) | ||||||
| 15–24 | 58 (25.22) | 172 (74.78) | 0.97 (0.59, 1.61) | 1.08 (0.54, 2.16) | 1.16 (0.58, 2.33) | |
| 25–34 | 174 (27.80) | 452 (72.20) | 1.14 (0.77, 1.70) | 1.07 (0.67, 1.69) | 1.11 (0.69, 1.76) | |
| ≥35 | 88 (28.03) | 226 (71.97) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Employment status | ||||||
| Not employed | 158 (22.32) | 550 (77.68) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Employed | 162 (35.06) | 300 (64.94) | 1.98 (1.39, 2.84) | 1.57 (1.09, 2.28) | 1.69 (1.68, 2.45)* | |
| Religion | ||||||
| Muslim | 159 (23.77) | 510 (76.23) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Orthodox | 122 (38.98) | 191 (61.02) | 2.37 (1.48, 3.79) | 1.45 (0.91, 2.31) | 1.52 (0.92, 2.52) | |
| Others | 39 (20.74) | 149 (79.26) | 0.86 (0.48, 1.55) | 0.86 (0.49, 1.49) | 0.95 (0.54, 1.69) | |
| Educational status of husband | ||||||
| Uneducated | 177 (23.95) | 562 (76.05) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Primary | 110 (34.92) | 205 (65.08) | 1.68 (1.15, 2.44) | 1.14 (0.78, 1.69) | 1.04 (0.70, 1.54) | |
| Secondary and above | 18 (30.0) | 42 (70.0) | 1.38 (0.65, 291) | 0.72 (0.32, 1.61) | 0.76 (0.34, 1.72) | |
| Sex of household head | ||||||
| Male | 273 (29.32) | 658 (70.68) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Female | 47 (19.67) | 192 (80.33) | 0.68 (0.43, 1.08) | 0.73 (0.44, 1.21) | 0.78 (0.47, 1.31) | |
| Wealth index | ||||||
| Poor | 153 (20.40) | 597 (79.60) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Middle | 57 (32.76) | 117 (67.24) | 1.71 (1.06, 2.75) | 1.26 (0.78, 2.04) | 1.21 (0.75, 1.98) | |
| Rich | 110 (44.72) | 136 (55.28) | 4.62 (2.93, 7.29) | 2.84 (1.79, 4.50) | 2.54 (1.53, 4.22)* | |
| Sex of child | ||||||
| Male | 160 (26.94) | 434 (73.06) | 0.88 (0.63, 1.23) | 0.97 (0.69, 1.36) | 0.99 (0.71, 1.40) | |
| Female | 160 (27.78) | 416 (72.22) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Covered by health insurance | ||||||
| No | 304 (26.71) | 834 (73.29) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 16 (50) | 16 (50) | 2.27 (0.84, 6.10) | 1.10 (0.43, 2.84) | 1.12 (0.44, 2.88) | |
| Number of ANC follow up | ||||||
| No | 63 (12.70) | 433 (87.30) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 1–3 | 111 (33.13) | 224 (66.87) | 3.67 (2.43, 5.54) | 3.21 (2.09, 4.94) | 3.28 (2.12, 5.07)* | |
| ≥4 | 131 (46.95) | 148 (53.05) | 6.29 (4.13, 9.59) | 4.23 (2.65, 6.73) | 3.91 (2.45, 6.24)* | |
| PNC | ||||||
| No | 272 (26.13) | 769 (73.87) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 33 (47.83) | 36 (52.17) | 2.79 (1.43, 5.44) | 1.37 (0.72, 2.63) | 1.46 (0.76, 2.81) | |
| Place of delivery | ||||||
| Home | 192 (22.02) | 680 (77.98) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Health facility | 128 (42.95) | 170 (57.05) | 2.63 (1.81, 3.81) | 1.26 (0.84, 1.89) | 1.17 (0.77, 1.78) | |
| Parity | ||||||
| 1 | 35 (27.78) | 91 (72.22) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 2-5 | 193 (27.81) | 501 (72.19) | 0.95 (0.55, 1.65) | 1.82 (0.39, 10.44) | 1.81 (0.32, 10.26) | |
| ≥6 | 92 (26.29) | 258 (73.71) | 0.84 (0.46, 1.53) | 2.14 (0.32, 14.23) | 2.33 (0.35, 15.49) | |
| Birth order | ||||||
| 1 | 37 (29.84) | 87 (70.16) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 2-5 | 172 (27.61) | 451 (72.39) | 0.84 (0.49, 1.46) | 0.51 (0.83, 3.12) | 0.55 (0.09, 3.32) | |
| ≥6 | 111 (26.24) | 312 (73.76) | 0.77 (0.43, 1.38) | 0.41 (0.58, 2.88) | 0.42 (0.06, 2.93) | |
| Residence | ||||||
| Rural | 271 (25.69) | 784 (74.31) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Urban | 49 (42.61) | 66 (57.39) | 3.69 (1.86, 7.31) | 2.16 (1.05, 4.44) | 0.96 (0.46, 1.99) | |
| Media exposure | ||||||
| Low | 227 (24.70) | 692 (75.30) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| High | 93 (37.05) | 158 (62.95) | 1.95 (1.31, 2.92) | 1.52 (1.01, 2.29) | 1.02 (0.66, 1.58) | |
| Region | ||||||
| Emerging | 91 (18.61) | 398 (81.39) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Developing | 188 (30.62) | 426 (69.38) | 2.70 (1.68, 4.35) | 2.75 (1.71, 4.46) | 1.33 (0.80, 2.22) | |
| City administration | 41 (61.19) | 26 (38.81) | 18.10 (6.87, 47.6) | 13.11 (4.96, 34.61) | 5.69 (2.39, 13.61)* | |
| Distance to health facility | ||||||
| Big problem | 176 (24.82) | 533 (75.18) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Not big problem | 144 (31.24) | 317 (68.76) | 1.42 (0.99, 2.04) | 1.33 (0.92, 1.93) | 0.99 (0.68, 1.44) | |
*
Statistically significant at p-value < 0.05 in the full model (model 3).
AOR, Adjusted Odds Ratio; COR, Crude Odds Ratio; PNC, Postnatal care; Model 1: adjusted for individual-level factors, Model 2: adjusted for community-level factors, Model 3: adjusted for both individual and community-level factors (full model).