Table 2.
Crude and adjusted odds ratio estimates for PCR-confirmed P. malariae or P. ovale infections compared to no Plasmodium infection with adjusted estimates considering demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral risk factors
| P. malariae | P. ovale | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Male | 0.93 (0.69, 1.26) | 0.95 (0.70, 1.28) | 0.91 (0.49, 1.67) | 0.93 (0.50, 1.71) |
| Age in years | ||||
| <5 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 5–9 | 1.49 (1.04, 2.16)b | 1.64 (1.14, 2.38)b | 2.57 (1.26, 6.03)b | 2.91 (1.43, 6.86)b |
| 10–14 | 1.16 (0.77, 1.73) | 1.35 (0.90, 2.03) | 1.06 (0.39, 2.75) | 1.27 (0.47, 3.31) |
| Wealth | ||||
| Lowest | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Second | 0.83 (0.56, 1.23) | 0.85 (0.58, 1.26) | 0.45 (0.19, 0.93)b | 0.45 (0.19, 0.94)b |
| Middle | 0.38 (0.24, 0.58)b | 0.41 (0.25, 0.64)b | 0.24 (0.09, 0.54)b | 0.25 (0.09, 0.56)b |
| Fourth | 0.25 (0.15, 0.40)b | 0.30 (0.18, 0.49)b | 0.17 (0.06, 0.39)b | 0.18 (0.06, 0.44)b |
| Highest | 0.09 (0.04, 0.17)b | 0.11 (0.05, 0.22)b | 0.01 (0.00, 0.09)b | 0.01 (0.00, 0.10)b |
| Place of residence | ||||
| Rural | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Urban | 0.34 (0.24, 0.47)b | 0.69 (0.46, 0.99)b | 0.32 (0.15, 0.61)b | 0.89 (0.39, 1.81) |
| Mosquito net coveragea (individual) | 1.09 (0.60, 1.87) | 1.16 (0.64, 1.98) | 0.91 (0.25, 2.68) | 1.05 (0.33, 2.73) |
| Mosquito net coveragea (community) | 0.81 (0.35, 1.64) | 0.75 (0.31, 1.57) | 2.39 (0.59, 7.06) | 2.62 (0.57, 8.32) |
aNet coverage is defined as at least 1 net per 1.8 household members.
Inclusive of P. malariae and P. ovale single-species infections, or mixed with P. falciparum.
bStatistically significant at alpha = 0.05.