Table 3.

Crude and adjusted odds ratio estimates for risk factors for IgG seropositivity to PmMSP1, PoMSP1, and PvMSP1 antigens by demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral risk factors

	P. malariae MSP1		P. ovale MSP1		P. vivax MSP1
Variable	Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Sex
Female	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Male	0.97 (0.92, 1.02)	0.97 (0.92, 1.03)	0.94 (0.87, 1.01)	0.94 (0.87, 1.01)	0.96 (0.87, 1.06)	0.96 (0.87, 1.05)
Age in years
<5	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
5–9	2.83 (2.64, 3.04)b	2.80 (2.61, 3.01)b	2.25 (2.03, 2.49)b	2.25 (2.03, 2.49)b	1.94 (1.69, 2.22)b	1.94 (1.69, 2.23)b
10–14	5.03 (4.66, 5.43)b	5.12 (4.74, 5.53)b	3.04 (2.74, 3.38)b	3.13 (2.82, 3.47)b	3.02 (2.63, 3.46)b	3.15 (2.75, 3.61)b
Wealth quintile
Lowest	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Second	0.79 (0.73, 0.87)b	0.83 (0.76, 0.91)b	0.97 (0.87, 1.09)	1.01 (0.91, 1.14)	0.83 (0.73, 0.95)b	0.84 (0.73, 0.97)b
Middle	0.58 (0.52, 0.64)b	0.64 (0.58, 0.72)b	0.86 (0.76, 0.97)b	0.96 (0.85, 1.09)	0.58 (0.50, 0.67)b	0.60 (0.52, 0.71)b
Fourth	0.35 (0.32, 0.39)b	0.44 (0.40, 0.50)b	0.63 (0.55, 0.71)b	0.79 (0.69, 0.91)b	0.41 (0.35, 0.48)b	0.46 (0.39, 0.55)b
Highest	0.19 (0.16, 0.21)b	0.27 (0.23, 0.30)b	0.36 (0.31, 0.42)b	0.52 (0.44, 0.62)b	0.24 (0.19, 0.29)b	0.29 (0.23, 0.36)b
Place of residence
Rural	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Urban	0.28 (0.26, 0.31)b	0.42 (0.37, 0.46)b	0.44 (0.40, 0.48)b	0.53 (0.47, 0.59)b	0.46 (0.40, 0.52)b	0.68 (0.59, 0.79)b
Mosquito net coveragea (individual)	1.05 (0.95, 1.15)	1.09 (0.99, 1.20)	0.98 (0.86, 1.12)	1.00 (0.88, 1.14)	1.02 (0.86, 1.21)	1.05 (0.89, 1.25)
Mosquito net coveragea (community)	1.49 (1.22, 1.82)b	1.33 (1.10, 1.60)b	1.26 (1.03, 1.54)b	1.18 (0.97, 1.43)	1.13 (0.87, 1.48)	1.04 (0.80, 1.35)

^aNet coverage is defined as at least 1 net per 1.8 household members.

^bStatistically significant.