Table 1.

Results of the meta-analysis conducted on smoking status and triglyceride (TG) level (mmol/L) data from previous studies. All estimates.

	Studies	Effect Estimates	Mean Differences in TG levels (mmol/L) (smokers – non-smokers)
Region			Fixed Effects [95% CI]	I2 (%)	Random Effects [95% CI]
US & Canada	23	34	0.08 [0.07, 0.10]	82	0.18 [0.12, 0.23]
Europe	51	73	0.24 [0.24, 0.25]	96	0.21 [0.17, 0.26]
Asia	43	72	0.46 [0.46, 0.47]	100	0.29 [0.20, 0.38]
Latin America	5	5	0.15 [0.00, 0.30]	36	0.17 [− 0.03, 0.36]
Middle East	18	21	0.11 [0.09, 0.13]	97	0.35 [0.23, 0.46]
Indian Subcontinent	23	26	0.76 [0.74, 0.79]	98	0.49 [0.30, 0.68]
Australia	2	4	0.16 [0.03, 0.30]	11	0.18 [0.02, 0.34]
Africa	4	4	0.13 [0.08, 0.17]	87	0.13 [0.00, 0.26]
Study Design
Cross Sectional	143	202	0.13 [0.12, 0.13]	98	0.26 [0.23, 0.30]
Cohort	19	29	0.58 [0.58, 0.58]	99	0.27 [0.19, 0.35]
Case Control	5	6	0.29 [0.25, 0.32]	97	0.40 [0.17, 0.64]
RCT	2	2	NA	NA	NA
Period of Publication
1970 s	4	5	0.43 [0.38, 0.47]	95	0.30 [0.03, 0.56]
1980 s	24	40	0.25 [0.22, 0.28]	53	0.24 [0.19, 0.30]
1990 s	37	54	0.17 [0.16, 0.18]	82	0.22 [0.18, 0.26]
2000 s	51	72	0.25 [0.24, 0.26]	99	0.23 [0.15, 0.32]
2010 s	43	58	0.08 [0.08, 0.09]	98	0.33 [0.28, 0.38]
2020 s	10	10	0.59 [0.58, 0.59]	100	0.35 [0.24, 0.47]
Smoking Definitiona
None/Other	128	163	0.16 [0.16, 0.17]	98	0.25 [0.21, 0.28]
> 10 CPD	11	12	0.37 [0.31, 0.43]	65	0.34 [0.22, 0.46]
> 15 CPD	9	11	0.41 [0.35, 0.48]	97	0.24 [− 0.19, 0.66]
> 20 CPD	40	53	0.60 [0.60, 0.61]	93	0.33 [0.26, 0.40]
Sexa
Males	82	105	0.30 [0.29, 0.30]	98	0.31 [0.24, 0.37]
Females	35	48	0.05 [0.05, 0.06]	86	0.16 [0.12, 0.19]
Combined	70	86	0.52 [0.52, 0.52]	99	0.29 [0.22, 0.35]
Total	169	239	0.41 [0.41, 0.42]	99	0.27 [0.23, 0.32]

^aThe sum of studies does not add to 169, as some studies provided multiple stratum-specific estimates.