Table 2.

Results from the meta-analysis of smoking and triglyceride (TG) level (mmol/L) data from previous studies. Estimates for smokers smoking ≥ 15 cigarettes per day.

	Studies	Effect Estimates	Mean Differences in TG levels (mmol/L) (smokers – non-smokers)
Region			Fixed Effects [95% CI]	I2 (%)	Random Effects [95% CI]
USA & Canada	11	14	0.16 [0.09, 0.22]	42	0.17 [0.07, 0.27]
Europe	14	21	0.33 [0.31, 0.36]	89	0.22 [0.11, 0.33]
Asia	16	21	0.61 [0.61, 0.61]	86	0.41 [0.30, 0.51]
Middle East	2	3	0.82 [0.73, 0.91]	99	0.64 [− 0.28, 1.56]
Indian Subcontinent	4	4	0.68 [0.56, 0.79]	95	0.66 [0.16, 1.16]
Africa	1	1	NA	NA	NA
Study Design
Cross Sectional	42	55	0.38 [0.35, 0.40]	92	0.31 [0.21, 0.40]
Cohort	6	9	0.61 [0.61, 0.61]	95	0.42 [0.26, 0.58]
Period of Publication
1970 s	3	3	0.53 [0.48, 0.58]	92	0.35 [0.05, 0.64]
1980 s	15	23	0.19 [0.13, 0.25]	35	0.19 [0.10, 0.27]
1990 s	14	19	0.28 [0.24, 0.31]	72	0.28 [0.21, 0.36]
2000 s	9	11	0.19 [0.13, 0.25]	84	0.20 [0.04, 0.36]
2010 s	6	7	0.82 [ 0.76, 0.88]	96	0.85 [0.52, 118]
2020 s	1	1	NA	NA	NA
Sexa
Males	27	32	0.38 [0.34, 0.41]	93	0.34 [0.19, 0.48]
Females	10	12	0.18 [0.14, 0.23]	88	0.15 [0.06, 0.24]
Combined	17	20	0.61 [0.61, 0.61]	68	0.43 [0.34, 0.51]
Total	48	64	0.60 [0.60, 0.61]	95	0.32 [0.25, 0.40]

^aThe sum of studies does not add to 48, as some studies provided multiple stratum-specific estimates.