Table 1.

Demographic and clinical characteristics of SLE patients’ family pedigree.

	SLE 1	SLE 2
Age and sex	32/Female	30/Female
Initial presentation	Malar rash on face, erythema on both upper arms and palms, oral ulcer and knuckle pain, leukopenia, lymphopenia	Malar rash on face, alopecia and fever, wrist pain
Hematologic abnormalities	None	None
Kidney abnormalities	Bld 2+WBC	None
Serositis	None	None
Neurological involvement	None	None
Antinuclear antibodies (ANA)	++ (speckle pattern)	+ (speckle pattern)
Anti-dsDNA	Negative	Positive
Anti-Smith	Negative	Negative
Anti-SSA	Positive	Positive
Anti-nRNP	Negative	Positive
RIB-P	Negative	Positive
C3 (normal, 650–1800 mg/L)	972	902
C4 (normal, 100–400 mg/L)	313	215
ESR (normal, 0–20 mm/h)	28	40
SLEDAIa	10	2
Treatment	15 mg/d prednisone by oral	10 mg/d prednisone and 75 mg/d dipyridamole by oral
Other condition		Osteonecrosis of the right femoral head for 10 years

In this family pedigree, there are three SLE patients in two generations. Patient 1 (SLE1) is a 32-year-old female, who was firstly admitted to Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital in August 2018 and diagnosed with SLE. Her father and sister (SLE2) were diagnosed with SLE at the local hospital, but their father has passed away unfortunately. The mother with 55 years old (HC3), the sister is 34 years old (HC1), and the sister's son with 15 years old (HC2) are three healthy controls.

^aSLEDAI, SLE Disease Activity Index.