Table 2. Unadjusted Modified Poisson Regression With Generalized Estimating Equations Assessing Each Factor Potentially Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Incident Infection by 6 Months, Based on 721 Intervals Among 415 Participants Without History of Infection at Baseline.
| Characteristic | Unadjusted RR (95% CI)a | P valueb |
|---|---|---|
| Participant characteristics at baseline | ||
| Age | 1.003 (0.99-1.02) | .62 |
| Age category, y | ||
| 30-49 | 1 [Reference] | .22 |
| 16-29 | 0.68 (0.38-1.23) | |
| 50-69 | 0.74 (0.51-1.07) | |
| ≥70 | 1.24 (0.65-2.36) | |
| Self-reported gender | ||
| Male | 1 [Reference] | .31 |
| Female | 0.76 (0.52-1.10) | |
| Other | 0.78 (0.21-2.93) | |
| Citizenship status | ||
| Citizen | 1 [Reference] | .64 |
| Landed immigrant | 1.40 (0.87-2.26) | |
| Refugee claimant | 1.05 (0.53-2.10) | |
| Temporary/other | 1.24 (0.45-3.38) | |
| Immigration history | ||
| Born in Canada | 1 [Reference] | .01 |
| Immigrated to Canada >10 y ago | 1.47 (1.01-2.15) | |
| Immigrated to Canada ≤10 y ago | 2.13 (1.36-3.31) | |
| Level of education completed | ||
| Any postsecondary | 1 [Reference] | .51 |
| Less than high school | 1.26 (0.82-1.93) | |
| High school | 1.21 (0.80-1.81) | |
| COVID-19 vaccines received before baseline | ||
| Complete primary series (2 dose or 1 dose Johnson & Johnson) | 1 [Reference] | .31 |
| None | 0.77 (0.48-1.23) | |
| Incomplete primary series | 1.12 (0.73-1.73) | |
| Complete primary series and booster | 0.77 (0.09-6.80) | |
| Health behaviors and housing during interval | ||
| Paid or volunteer work | ||
| No | 1 [Reference] | .54 |
| Yes | 1.12 (0.78-1.61) | |
| Alcohol consumption | ||
| No | 1 [Reference] | .01 |
| Yes | 1.58 (1.11-2.26) | |
| Alcohol consumption frequency | ||
| Never | 1 [Reference] | .03 |
| Monthly or less | 1.59 (1.03-2.45) | |
| 2-4/mo | 1.94 (1.19-3.16) | |
| 2-3/wk | 1.86 (1.09-3.19) | |
| ≥4/wsk | 0.90 (0.44-1.86) | |
| Tobacco consumption | ||
| Yes | 1 [Reference] | .35 |
| No | 1.18 (0.83-1.69) | |
| Tobacco consumption frequency | ||
| Never | 1 [Reference] | .12 |
| Less than daily | 0.78 (0.54-1.12) | |
| Daily | 1.38 (0.79-2.42) | |
| Consumption of illegal or prescription medication for nonmedical reasons | ||
| No | 1 [Reference] | .69 |
| Yes | 0.92 (0.61-1.39) | |
| PHG 1: wears face mask in public | ||
| Good (often or always) | 1 [Reference] | .39 |
| Poor (never, rarely or occasionally) | 1.29 (0.72-2.28) | |
| PHG 2: distances in public places | ||
| Good (often or always) | 1 [Reference] | .60 |
| Poor (never, rarely or occasionally) | 1.15 (0.68-1.97) | |
| PHG 3: avoids crowded places or gatherings | ||
| Good (often or always) | 1 [Reference] | .85 |
| Poor (never, rarely or occasionally) | 1.05 (0.67-1.64) | |
| PHG 4: washes hands with soap/sanitizer several times per day | ||
| Good (often or always) | 1 [Reference] | .55 |
| Poor (never, rarely or occasionally) | 0.82 (0.42-1.58) | |
| Report after dominance of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants | ||
| No | 1 [Reference] | <.001 |
| Yes | 6.46 (4.04-10.3) | |
| Proportion of interval spent in | ||
| Congregate shelter (every 10% increase) | 1.04 (0.99-1.07) | .22 |
| Noncongregate shelter (every 10% increase) | 0.93 (0.87-0.99) | .02 |
| Physical distancing hotel (every 10% increase) | 1.01 (0.98-1.05) | .44 |
| Own home (every 10% increase) | 0.97 (0.90-1.04) | .35 |
| High-exposure setting (every 10% increase)c | 1.02 (0.99-1.06) | .25 |
| Moderate-exposure setting (every 10% increase)d | 0.95 (0.89-1.00) | .05 |
| Low-exposure setting (every 10% increase)e | 1.01 (0.97-1.04) | .80 |
| Moves during period, No. | 1.01 (0.98-1.05) | .41 |
| Average No. of people who shared living space | 1.07 (0.99-1.15) | .09 |
Abbreviations: PHG, public health guideline; RR, rate ratio.
a
Unadjusted RR estimated using modified Poisson regression. Models were fitted with generalized estimating equations to account for the correlated nature of interval-level responses.
b
P values from likelihood ratio test.
c
High exposure includes time residing in a congregate homeless shelter, recovery center, nursing home, jail, or immigration detention center.
d
Moderate exposure includes time residing in a physical distancing hotel, noncongregate shelter, transitional housing, rooming house, encampment, on the street, rehabilitation center, hospital, or other settings.
e
Low exposure includes time residing in own home, supportive housing, private hotel/motel, or staying with friends and family.