Table 2. Descriptive Statistics of the Participant Demographics and Clinical Behavioral Measures for the Healthy Brain Network Data Set, With the Corresponding Statistics Identifying Significant Differences Among the Diagnostic Groups.
| Measurea | Median (IQR) | Statistics | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADHD (n = 374) | ASD (n = 66) | OCD (n = 11) | TD (n = 100) | Test statisticb | P value | Effect sizec | Significant post hocd | |
| Age, y | 11.20 (9.07-13.63) | 13.64 (10.83-16.04) | 12.77 (11.09-14.87) | 11.36 (9.36-14.22) | 18.39 | 3.65 × 10−4 | 0.03 | ASD > ADHD, TD |
| Sex | ASD > ADHD, OCD, TD | |||||||
| Male | 273 (73.0) | 57 (86.4) | 6 (54.5) | 54 (54.0) | 23.7 | 2.95 × 10−5 | 0.21 | ADHD > TD |
| Female | 101 (27.0) | 9 (13.6) | 5 (45.5) | 46 (46.0) | ||||
| BSMSSe | 50.00 (40.00-59.50) | 50.25 (42.00-61.00) | 61.00 (48.88-62.88) | 53.00 (45.75-61.00) | 4.24 | .24 | 0.01 | NA |
| Race and ethnicity | ||||||||
| Minoritized race and ethnicityf | 182 (48.7) | 26 (39.4) | 2 (18.2) | 42 (42.0) | 4.8 | .19 | 0.10 | NA |
| White | 170 (45.5) | 30 (45.5) | 8 (72.7) | 49 (49.0) | ||||
| Scanner | ||||||||
| CBIC | 144 (38.5) | 34 (51.5) | 4 (36.4) | 21 (21.0) | 35.1 | 4.20 × 10−6 | 0.18 | CBIC: ASD > ADHD > TD; SI: ADHD, ASD < TD |
| RU | 184 (49.2) | 25 (37.9) | 5 (45.5) | 46 (46.0) | ||||
| SI | 46 (12.3) | 7 (10.6) | 2 (18.2) | 33 (33.0) | ||||
| Head motion, mm | 0.18 (0.12-0.25) | 0.15 (0.11-0.26) | 0.16 (0.10-0.30) | 0.14 (0.11-0.22) | 8.13 | .04 | 0.01 | ADHD > TD |
| FSIQ, mean (SD) | 96.84 (15.82) | 94.03 (19.65) | 106.73 (19.37) | 106.64 (15.47) | 11.53 | 2.52 × 10−7 | 0.06 | ASD, ADHD < TD |
| SCQ | 7.00 (4.00-10.00) | 13.00 (10.00-18.00) | 4.00 (3.25-6.75) | 6.00 (3.00-8.00) | 92.06 | 7.92 × 10−20 | 0.17 | ASD > ADHD, OCD, TD |
| ADHD > TD | ||||||||
| RBS-R | 11.00 (2.00-38.00) | 43.00 (15.00-66.00) | 24.50 (16.50-51.50) | 1.00 (1.00-7.00) | 58.20 | 1.43 × 10−12 | 0.14 | ASD > ADHD, OCD, TD |
| ADHD > TD | ||||||||
| SWAN-I | 4.00 (1.00-7.00) | 3.00 (1.00-5.75) | 2.00 (0.00-3.00) | 0.00 (0.00-1.00) | 96.45 | 9.00 × 10−21 | 0.18 | ADHD, ASD > TD |
| SWAN-HI | 1.00 (0.00-3.00) | 1.00 (0.00-4.00) | 0.00 (0.00-0.00) | 0.00 (0.00-0.00) | 65.09 | 4.80 × 10−14 | 0.12 | ADHD > OCD, TD |
| ASD > TD | ||||||||
| CBCL-OCS | 3.00 (2.00-4.00) | 3.00 (2.00-5.00) | 3.00 (2.00-5.75) | 1.00 (0.00-2.00) | 91.99 | 8.19 × 10−20 | 0.17 | ADHD, ASD, OCD > TD |
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ASD, autism spectrum disorder; BSMSS, Barratt Simplified Measure of Social Status; CBCL-OCS, Child Behavior Checklist obsessive-compulsive subscale; CBIC, CitiGroup Cornell Brain Imaging Center; FSIQ, full-scale intelligence quotient; NA, not applicable; OCD, obsessive-compulsive disorder; RBS-R, Repetitive Behaviors Scale–Revised; RU, Rutgers University; SCQ, Social Communication Questionnaire; SI, Staten Island; SWAN-HI, Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD–Symptoms and Normal Behavior Hyperactivity/Impulsivity subscale; SWAN-I, Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD–Symptoms and Normal Behavior Inattention subscale; TD, typically developing.
Descriptions and ranges of all measures appear in the eMethods in Supplement 1.
Test statistic: Shapiro-Wilk W for nonnormally distributed continuous variables, 1-way analysis of variance F statistic for normally distributed continuous variables, χ2 for categorical variables, and ordinal regression χ2 for ordinal variables.
Effect size: eta-squared (η2) for continuous variables, Cramer V for categorical variables, and pseudo-R2 for ordinal variables.
Indication of which pairwise diagnosis differences are significant according to post hoc tests, with > and < symbols indicating the directionality of the association.
The range for BSMSS is 8 to 66, with higher scores indicating a higher social status.
Includes American Indian or Alaskan Native, Asian, Black, Hispanic, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, and those who selected 2 or more races/ethnicities and those who did not identify as one of the US Census guideline categories. Data were available for 509 of 511 participants (352 ADHD, 56 ASD, 10 OCD, 91 TD).