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. 2023 Feb 28;29(8):1261–1288. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i8.1261

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©The Author(s) 2023. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial.

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Accumulation of fecal mass in the rectum causes rectal wall distension and fecal soiling. A: Normal stool; B: Massive stool are retained in the rectum from withholding behavior; C: Liquid stool can leak out the anus or fecal soiling. A-C: Citation: Palittiya Sintusek. Chronic constipation. In: Supapitiporn K, editor. Pediatric practice: simple&applicable. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University, 2021: 96. Copyright ©The Authors 2017. Published by Department of Pediatrics, Chulalongkorn University. The authors have obtained the permission for figure using from Department of Pediatrics, Chulalongkorn University (Supplementary material).