Table 1.
Prevalence of functional constipation in children according to Rome IV and factors associated with functional constipation
|
Ref.
|
Country
|
Population
|
Sample size
|
Age
|
Method of data collection
|
Prevalence of FC, n
|
Factors associated with FC
|
| Huang et al[139], 2021 | China | 4 community hospitals in Jinhua and Shanghai | 2604 | 0-4 yr | Guardian interview | 92 (3.5%) | Vaginal delivery (OR = 0.01, 95%CI: 0.00-0.17), forceps delivery (OR: > 999, 95%CI: 154 to > 999) |
| Chew et al[140], 2021 | Malaysia | A well child clinic, University Malaya medical center | 534 | 1-12 mo | Guardian interview | 6 (1.1%) | NA |
| Ibrahim et al[141], 2020 | Egypt | Randomly schools in Cairo | 1082 | 4-18 yr | NA | 91 (8.4%) | NA |
| Khayat et al[142], 2021 | Saudi Arabia | Public survey (random) from Western | 317 | 3-18 yr | Questionnaire by Google form/links share on social apps | 15 (4.7%) | Guardian characteristics, family income, gender, age, development, previous covid ìnfection (P > 0.05) |
| Benzamin et al[29], 2022 | Bangladesh | Schools of Dhaka division | 707 | 5-16 yr | Child interview and examination (face to face) | 134 (19%) | Female (P = 0.003), age (P = 0.001), history of FC in siblings/parents (P = 0.001), fibers intake (P = 0.002), fluid intake (P = 0.001), electronic screen time (P = 0.001) |
| Siajunboriboon et al[143], 2022 | Thailand | 2 high schools | 1700 | 14-18 yr | Child interview | 138 (8.1%) | Guardian characteristics, BMI, history of allergic diseases (P > 0.05) |
| Chia et al[144], 2022 | Vietnam | A government hospital and a government kindergarten | 1511 | 0-48 mo | Guardian interview and examination (face to face) | 46 (3%) | Male (OR = 3.6, 95%CI: 1.5-8.5), bottle feeding (OR = 18.5, 95%CI: 1.5-219.4), low income (OR = 5.8, 95%CI: 1.7-19.3) |
| Asia | 8455 | 522 (6.2%) | |||||
| Zwiener et al[145], 2017 | United States | Online survey | 1075 | 4-18 yr | Guardian interview | 144 (13.4%) | NA |
| Saps et al[146], 2018 | Colombia | 12 schools in 6 cities | 3567 | 8-18 yr | Child interview | 382 (10.7%) | NA |
| Robin et al[147], 2018 | United States | Online survey panels by CINT, United States | 1255 | 0-18 yr | Guardian interview | 186 (14.8%) | NA |
| Játiva-Mariño E et al[148], 2019 | Ecuador | 1 public and 1 private school | 951 | 8-15 yr | Child interview | 137 (14.4%) | NA |
| Saps et al[149], 2020 | Colombia | 6 outpatient clinics | 1334 | 1-48 mo | Guardian interview (face to face) | 281 (15.1%) | NA |
| Velasco-Benitez et al[150], 2020 | Colombia | 4 public schools | 1497 | 10-18 yr | Guardians interview | 194 (13%) | NA |
| Baaleman et al[151], 2021 | Colombia | A public school | 118 | 11-18 yr | Child interview | 16 (13.6%) | NA |
| Velasco-Benítez et al[152], 2021 | Colombia | 5 to 8 grade students in Cali | 465 | 10-18 yr | Children interview | 52 (28.7%) | NA |
| Dos Santos et al[27], 2021 | Brazil | Public parks and school areas | 799 | 5-14 yr | Guardian interview | 163 (20.4%) | Sex, type of school (P > 0.05) |
| de Morais et al[153], 2022 | Brazil | Pediatric private clinics in 5 regions | 4560 | 0-12 mo | Guardian interview | 341 (7.6%) | Age 162-248 d (OR = 1.41, 95%CI: 1.01-1.95), prematurity (OR = 1.44, 95%CI: 1.02-2.02) |
| America | 15621 | 1896 (12.1%) | |||||
| Russo et al[21], 2019 | Italy | General clinics | 214 | 1 mo-17 yr | Guardian/child interview(face to face) | 39 (18.2%) | NA |
| Vladimir et al[154], 2019 | Russia | University clinic | 300 | 0-48 mo | Guardian interview | 45 (15%) | NA |
| Steutel et al[155], 2020 | Belgium, Italy, Netherland | General pediatrics hospital (Belgium, Italy) and well-baby clinic (the Netherlands) | 2751 | 0-48 mo | Guardian interview and examination (face to face) | 151 (5.4%) | NA |
| Campeotto et al[156], 2020 | France | Private out-patient pediatricians and general practitioner | 1570 | 0-12 mo | Guardian interview and examination (face to face) | 141 (9%) | NA |
| Alonso-Bermejo et al[157], 2022 | Spain | A pediatric gastroenterology clinic | 574 | 0-16 yr | Guardian/child interview and examination (face to face) | 41 (7.1%) | NA |
| Beser et al[158], 2021 | Turkey | 9 tertiary Hospital | 2383 | 1-12 mo | Child interview and examination (face to face) | 112 (4.7%) | NA |
| Strisciuglio et al[159], 2022 | 6 Mediterranean countries1 | Nursery schools, primary schools and secondary schools, randomly | 4353 | 4-18 yr | Guardian interview | 475 (10.9%) | NA |
| Europe | 12145 | 1004 (8.3%) | |||||
| Bellaiche et al[160], 2020 | 10 countries in Africa2 | Children with gastrointestinal symptoms | 10458 | 0-12 mo | Guardians interview and examination (face to face) | 3283 (31.4%) | NA |
| Africa | 10458 | 3283 (31.4%) | |||||
| All over the world | 46679 | 6704 (14.4%) |
1
6 Mediterranean countries: Croatia, Greece, Israel, Italy, Macedonia, Serbia.
2
10 countries: Algeria, Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Madagascar, Morocco, Mauritius, Ivory Coast, Senegal, Tunisia.
CINT: A global software in digital insight and research technology; FC: Functional constipation; CI: Confidence interval; OR: Odds ratio; apps: Applications; NA: Not available; BMI: Body mass index.