Table 3.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Authors | Year | Diabetes Type | Study | Participants | Study Quality | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| App (Intervention) | Control | Intervention (n) | Control (n) | Age (years, mean % and SD) | Gender (%) | Duration of Diabetes (years, mean % and SD) | Ethnic Groups (ethnic group, mean %) | ||||
| Valentiner et al. (28) | 2019 | Type 2 | InterWalk Smartphone App with additional support | InterWalk Smartphone App without additional support | 18 | 19 | Experiment; 66.7 ± 7.3 Control; 65.1 ± 6.4 |
Experiment; Male = 64.9 Control; Male = 70.3 |
N/A | N/A | Low |
| Heisler et al. (29) | 2019 | Type 2 | Peer Coaching with eHealth educational tool (iDecide) | Peer Coaching alone | 146 | 144 | Experiment; 64.3 ± 9.7 Control; 62.1 ± 10.5 |
Experiment; Male = 96.6 Control; Male = 98.6 |
Experiment; 15.0 ± 10.2 Control; 15.3 ± 9.9 |
Experiment; African American = 63.4, White = 36.6 Control; African American = 61.8, White = 36.8 Other = 1.4% |
Low |
| Wang et al. (30) | 2019 | Type 2 | Continuous care for patients with type 2 diabetes using mobile health application | Traditional discharge nursing | 60 | 60 | Experiment; 45.1 ± 7.8 Control; 45.8 ± 8.3 |
Experiment; Male = 55.0 Control; Male = 51.6 |
N/A | N/A | Acceptable |
| Skrøvseth et al. (31) | 2015 | Type 1 | Diabetes Diary (DD) Smartphone App | Usual Care | 15 | 15 | Experiment; 41.08 ± 13.5 Control; 38.33 +- 7.3 |
Experiment; Male = 33.33 Control; Male = 40.00 |
N/A | N/A | Low |
| Kooiman et al. (32) | 2018 | Type 2 | Fitbit Zip and Online Lifestyle Programme | Usual care | 40 | 32 | Experiment; 56.8 ± 11.4 Control; 55.8 ± 11.4 |
N/A | Experiment; 15.5 ± 7.7 Control; 14.9 ± 5.3 |
N/A | Low |
| Yu et al. (33) | 2019 | Type 2 | Smartphone App: Diabetes-Carer combined with Self-monitoring Blood Glucose | No Intervention | 45 | 47 | Experiment; 50.3 ± 10.4 Control; 56.2 ± 8.4 |
Experiment; Male = 66.0 Control; Male = 61.7 |
N/A | N/A | Low |
| Hansel et al. (34) | 2017 | Type 2 | Patient E-Coaching Nutritional Support | Usual Care | 60 | 60 | Experiment; 57.6 ± 8.1 Control; 55.5 ± 10.3 |
Experiment; Male = 33.3 Control; Male = 33.3 |
N/A | N/A | Acceptable |
| Klee et al. (35) | 2018 | Type 1 | Webdia Smartphone App | Usual Care | 28 | 27 | Experiment; 13.6 ± 2.4 Control; 13.7 ± 2.4 |
Experiment; Male = 75% Control; Male = 37% |
Experiment; 7.5 ± 4 Control; 5.5 ± 3.25 |
N/A | Low |
| Agarwal et al. (36) | 2019 | Type 2 | BlueStar Mobile App for Self-management | Usual Care | 72 | 67 | Experiment; 51.5 ± 10.6 Control; 52.1 ± 10.7 |
Experiment; Male = 55.0 Control; Male = 49.0 |
N/A | Experiment; Caucasian = 41.8. Non-Caucasian = 58.2 Control; Caucasian = 44.3, non-Caucasian = 53.0 |
Low |
| Sun et al. (37) | 2019 | Type 2 | Smartphone App for Self-management for Older People | Usual Care | 44 | 47 | Experiment; 67.9 (66-71) Control; 68.04 (66-72) |
Experiment; Male = 43.0 Control; Male = 38.0 |
Experiment; 11.19 ± 6.39 Control; 11.52 ± 7.73 |
N/A | Low |
| Kim et al. (38) | 2019 | Type 2 | mDiabetes Smartphone App for Self-management | Paper Version | 90 | 82 | Experiment; 60.0 ± 8.4 Control; 56.7 ± 9.1 |
Experiment; Male = 55.60 Control; Male = 47.60 |
Experiment; 13.2 ± 8.0 Control; 12.5 ± 7.3 |
N/A | Low |
| Gunawardena et al. (39) | 2019 | Type 2 | Smart Glucose Manager (SGM) Smartphone App | Usual Care | 27 | 25 | Experiment; 52 ± 12 Control; 53 ± 11 |
Experiment; Male = 63.0 Control; Male = 57.0 |
Experiment; 11 ± 6 Control; 11 ± 7 |
N/A | Acceptable |
| Kerfoot et al. (40) | 2017 | Type 2 | Team Based Online Game for Veterans with T2DM | Offline civics game | 277 | 229 | Experiment; 59.62 ± 10.3 Control; 59.9 ± 9.4 |
Experiment; Male = 94.7 Control; Male = 93.0 |
N/A | N/A | High |
| Frias et al. (41) | 2017 | Type 2 | Digital medicine offering (DMO) wearable sensor patches and a mobile device app | Usual Care | 80 | 29 | Experiment; 57.8 ± (SE) 1.1 Control; 61.6 ± (SE) 1.7 |
Experiment; Male = 44.0 Control; Male = 65.0 |
N/A | Experiment; Caucasian = 66.0, non-Caucasian = 44.0 Control; Caucasian = 66.0, non-Caucasian = 44.0 |
Low |
| Kleinman et al. (42) | 2017 | Type 2 | Gather Health Smartphone App to Improve Medication Adherence and Frequency of Blood Glucose Self-Testing | Usual Care | 44 | 46 | Experiment; 48.8 ± 9.0 Control; 48.0 ± 9.5 |
Experiment; Male = 81.8 Control; Male = 58.7 |
Experiment; 10.0 (5-16) Control; 8.5 (4-14) |
N/A | Acceptable |
| Quinn et al. (43) | 2016 | Type 2 | Web Portal to manage T2DM | Usual Care | 62 | 56 | 1) Age <55 Experiment; 47.3 ± 6.8 Age <55 Control; 47.4 ± 7.5 2) Age >55Experiment; 59.0 ± 2.9 Age >55 Control; 59.5 ± 2.8 |
1) Age <55 Experiment Male; 37.8 Age <55 Control Male; 62.1 2) Age >55Experiment Male; 68.0 Age >55 Control Male; 37.0 |
1) Age <55 Experiment; 6.8 ± 4.5 Age <55 Control; 8.9 ± 7.5 2) Age >55Experiment; 10.3 ± 5.8 Age >55 Control; 9.2 ± 6.0 |
1) Experiment Age <55; Black = 32.4, White = 54.1, Other = 13.5 Control Age <55; Black = 55.2, White = 37.9, Other = 6.9 2) Experiment Age >55; Black = 20.0, White = 76.0, Other = 4.0 Control Age >55; Black = 40.7, White = 55.6, Other = 3.7 |
Low |
| Crowley et al. (44) | 2016 | Type 2 | Advanced Comprehensive Diabetes Care (ACDC) (telemonitoring) | Usual Care | 23 | 23 | Experiment; 60 ± 8.4 Control; 60 ± 9.2 |
Experiment; Male = 100 Control; Male = 92 |
Experiment; Median (IQR) 12 ± 13 Control; Median (IQR) 12 ± 9 |
Experiment; White = 52.0, African American = 48.0, Other = 0.0 Control; White = 32.0, African American = 60.0, Other = 8 |
Low |
| Kardas et al. (45) | 2016 | Type 2 | COMODITY12 mHealth System | Usual Care | 30 | 30 | Experiment; 59.9 ± 5.31 Control; 59.0 ± 8.09 |
Experiment; Male = 57 Control; Male = 63 |
N/A | N/A | Low |
| Fukuoka et al. (46) | 2015 | Type 2 | Mobile Phone–Based Diabetes Prevention Program (mDPP) App with Omron Pedometer | Omron Pedometer only | 31 | 30 | Experiment; 57.1 ± 9.1 (36–76) Control; 53.4 ± 8.7 (36–65) |
Experiment; Male = 22.6 Control; Male = 23.3 |
N/A | Experiment: Asian = 33.4, Hispanic/Latino = 13.3, White =43.3, More than 1 race = 10.0 Control; Asian = 12.9, African American = 9.7, Hispanic/Latino = 9.7, White = 61.3, More than 1 race = 6.4 |
Acceptable |
| Block et al. (47) | 2015 | Prediabetes | Alive-PD Smartphone App and Email Support | Usual Care | 163 | 176 | Experiment; 55.0 ± 8.8 Control; 54.9 ± 9.1 |
Experiment; Male = 68.1 Control; Male = 69.3 |
N/A | Experiment; White = 66.9, Hispanic = 4.3, Asian = 25.2, Other = 3.7 Control; White = 68.2, Hispanic = 8.0, Asian = 16.5, Other = 7.4 |
High |
| Wayne et al. (48) | 2015 | Type 2 | Connected Wellness Platform from NexJ Systems, Inc. | Usual Care | 48 | 49 | Experiment; 53.1 ± 10.9 Control; 53.3 ± 11.9 |
Experiment; Male = 35 Control; Male = 20 |
N/A | N/A | Acceptable |
| Shahid et al. (49) | 2015 | Type 2 | Smartphone Intervention (App not specified) | Usual Care | 220 | 220 | Experiment; 48.95 ± 8.83 Control; 49.21 ± 7.92 |
Experiment; Male = 61.4 Control; Male = 61.4 |
N/A | N/A | Low |
| Greenwood et al. (50) | 2015 | Type 2 | Care Innovations Health Suite online portal (Intel-GE Care Innovations, Roseville, CA, USA) | Usual Care | 45 | 45 | Experiment; 53.9 ± 10.4 Control; 57.5 ± 10.6 |
Experiment; Male = 75 Control; Male = 79 |
Experiment; 8.3 ± 5.5 Control; 8.1 ± 5.3 |
Experiment; White = 33, Hispanic = 7, Black/African American = 1, American Indian = 2, Asian/Pacific Islander = 3, Other = 2 Control; White = 31, Hispanic = 9, Black/African American = 2, American Indian = 1. Asian/Pacific Islander = 5. Other = 1 |
Acceptable |
| Drion et al. (51) | 2015 | Type 1 | Diabetes Under Control (DBEES) | Usual Care | 31 | 32 | Experiment; 33 ± 23 Control; 35 ± 18 |
Experiment; Male = 65 Control; Male = 61 |
Experiment; 18 ± 17 Control; 15 ± 14 |
N/A | Low |
| Kirwan et al. (52) | 2013 | Type 1 | Glucose Buddy Smartphone App | Usual Care | 36 | 36 | Experiment; 35.97 ± 10.67 Control; 34.42 ± 10.26 |
Experiment; Male = 52 Control; Male = 25 |
Experiment; 19.69 ± 9.64 Control; 18.19 ± 9.77 |
N/A | Low |