Table 2.
Critical Findings.
| Country | Evidence | Number of Documents |
|---|---|---|
| North America | ||
| Canada | Strip searches, administrative segregation, overreliance on the use of force and control measures, illegal tranquillizers, denial medical care and support services (Chartrand, 2015), presence of male guards (CEDAW, 2016a) | 2 |
| Mexico | Arbitrary detention and illegal detention (Giacomello, 2020) | 1 |
| United States | Violence against LGBTI (CAT, 2014a) Violence against women and systemic failure (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2014; Fuentes, 2014; Kelly et al., 2014; Perez et al., 2014; Seddiqui, 2015; Wolff & Shi, 2011) Violence of constitutional proportions and violation of women prisoners’ rights against cruel and unusual punishment (Harrison, 2020; Kubiak et al., 2017; Stern, 2018) |
10 |
| South America | ||
| Argentina | Ill-treatment and invasive body searches (CAT, 2017a; CEDAW, 2016b) Violence, vexatious body searches, solitary confinement, denial of food (Cornell Law School’s Avon Global Center for Women and Justice and International Human Rights Clinic Defensoría General de la Nación Argentina The University of Chicago Law School International Human Rights Clinic, 2013) |
4 |
| Bolivia | Non(sex)-segregated prisons, sexual victimization (CAT, 2013a) | 1 |
| Brazil | Limited access to justice, sexual violence (CEDAW, 2012a) Multiplicity of hostile and violence acts (Batista et al., 2020; Gama-Araujo et al., 2020; Scherer & Scherer, 2011) |
4 |
| Guatemala | High risk of sexual violence facing transgender people (CAT, 2018) | 1 |
| Panama | Overcrowding (CEDAW, 2010) | 1 |
| Paraguay | GBVAW, especially against transsexual people (CEDAW, 2017a) | 1 |
| Uruguay | Conditions in prison, male staff behavior (CEDAW, 2016c) | 1 |
| Venezuela | GBVAW (CEDAW, 2014a) | 1 |
| Africa | ||
| Benin | Non(sex)-segregated prisons, lack of access to justice (CEDAW, 2013a) | 1 |
| Burundi | Overcrowding, poor rations, nonsex separation (CEDAW, 2016d) | 1 |
| Equatorial Guinea | GBVAW perpetrated by inmates and guards (CEDAW, 2012b) | 1 |
| Eritrea | Sexual violence (CEDAW, 2020) | 1 |
| Ethiopia | Horrific conditions, including rapes, ill treatment, torture (CEDAW, 2019a) | 1 |
| Gambia | Violence and rape perpetrated by male prisoners and guards (CEDAW, 2015a) | 1 |
| Guinea | Nonsex segregation (CAT, 2014b) | 1 |
| Mali | Nonsex segregation, GBVAW by police and prison staff (CEDAW, 2016e) | 1 |
| Mozambique | Sexual abuse against women and LSBTI people (CEDAW, 2019b) | 1 |
| South Africa | Punitive denial of opiate substitution treatment (Hopkins & Marie, 2017; SANPUD, Metzineres & Harm Reduction International, 2019) Consensual sex practices between incarcerated women (Agboola, 2015) Women to women rape (Agboola et al., 2020) |
1 |
| Zambia | GBVAW, including rape (CEDAW, 2011) | 1 |
| Zimbabwe | Sexual violence and abuse (Zimbabwe & CEDAW, 2020) | 1 |
| Europe | ||
| Norway | Risk of sexual violence, lack of health care, lack of drug treatment programs (CEDAW, 2017b) | 1 |
| Denmark | Excessive use of solitary confinement, abuse allegations, ill treatment, nonsex segregation (Nowak, 2009) Nonsex segregation and missing protecting measures (Denmark, 2011) |
2 |
| Swiss | Lack of guaranteed segregation (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (Bonn), 2015a) | 1 |
| France | Overcrowding, inadequate health care access, high risks of suicide, forced psychiatric hospitalization (CEDAW, 2016f) | 1 |
| Ireland | inter prisoner violence, including sexual violence, violence perpetrated by staff (CAT, 2017b) | 1 |
| UK | GBVAW in police detention (Children’s Rights Alliance for England, 2013) | 1 |
| Italy | Lack of health care services, sexual harassment by male guards (CEDAW, 2017c) | 1 |
| Montenegro | Lack of health care services, sexual harassment by male guards (CEDAW, 2017d) | 1 |
| Bulgaria | Excessive use of force and arrest when in pretrial detention (CAT, 2017c) Inadequate access to health care (Šimonović, 2019) |
2 |
| Cyprus | Overcrowding, lack of privacy/health care (CAT, 2019) | 1 |
| Turkey | GBVAW in form of sexual violence and torture (CEDAW, 2016g) | 1 |
| Ukraine | Use of restraints during medical examination (European Court of Human Rights, 2020) | 1 |
| Greek | Risk of violence against refugee, migrant, and asylum-seeking women (CEDAW, 2013b) | 1 |
| Spain | Concern for the general situation (UN Human Rights Council. Working Group on Discrimination Against Women in Law and in Practice, 2015) Invasive body searches, excessive prescription of psychotropic drugs (SANPUD, Metzineers & Harm Reduction International, 2019) |
2 |
| Asia & Pacific Region | ||
| Australia | Sexual violence, strip searches, insufficient access to health care (CEDAW, 2018) | 1 |
| Armenia | Concern about proportionality of sentences for women (UN Human Rights Council. Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, 2010) | 1 |
| Cambodia | Violent abuses by prison management, nonsex segregation, male prison guards (CAT, 2011) Poor conditions in pretrial detention (CEDAW, 2019c) |
2 |
| China | Overcrowding, risk of violence, concerns regarding extra-legal detention facilities (CEDAW, 2014b) | 1 |
| India | Lack of adequate protection measures, lack of medical care (Manjoo & UN Human Rights Council. Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women, 2014) | 1 |
| Indonesia | Sexual abuse in police detention, abuse (CEDAW, 2012c) | 1 |
| Japan | Overcrowding, use of restraint (CAT, 2013b) | 1 |
| Korea | Vulnerable to sexual violence, no adequate complaint mechanism, death detention, forced abortion, deprived of a fair trial (CEDAW, 2017f) | 1 |
| Papua New Guinea | Nonsex segregation in police custody, risk of collective rapes, sexual and other abuses in exchange for favors, forced to perform domestic work, lack of medical care, and basic needs (UN Human Rights Council. Special Rapporteur in Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 2011) | 1 |
| Tajikistan | Poor conditions (UN Human Rights Committee, 2019) | 1 |
| Thailand | Overcrowding, ill-resourced prison settings, invasive body searches (CEDAW, 2017e) | 1 |
| Turkmenistan | Violence, physical and psychological pressure, abuse (including rape) (CAT, 2017d) | 1 |
| Uzbekistan | Lack of conducive environment lodging complaints, sexual humiliation, sexual violence by public officials, forced sterilization, ill treatment, abuse (CEDAW, 2015b) | 1 |
| Middle East | ||
| Afghanistan | Poor conditions, solitary confinement for long periods (CAT, 2017e) | 1 |
| Iraq | Allegations of gender-based violence, including torture, ill-treatment, and rape (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (Bonn), 2015b) | 1 |
| Israel | Limited access to justice for Palestinian women (CEDAW, 2017g) | 1 |
| Libya | Sexual violence from non-state actors and guards (UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2016) | 1 |
| Syria | Rape, sexual violence, GBVAW (CEDAW, 2014c) | 1 |
| Yemen | Rape, sexual violence, GBVAW (CAT, 2010) | 1 |
Note. CAT = UN Committee Against Torture; GBVAW = gender-based violence against women; CEDAW = UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women.