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. 2023 Mar 14;16:45. doi: 10.1186/s13068-023-02299-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Plant carotenoid metabolic pathway and the expression profiling of thirteen genes by RT-qPCR. A The enzymes/genes in the pathway are as follows: GGPS, geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase; PSY, phytoene synthase; PDS, phytoene desaturase; ZISO, ζ-carotene isomerase; ZDS, ζ-carotene desaturase; CRTISO, carotene isomerase; LCYB, lycopene β-cyclase; LCYE, lycopene Ɛ-cyclase; CHYB, β-carotene hydroxylase; CHYE, Ɛ-carotene hydroxylase; ZEP, zeaxanthin epoxidase; NSY, neoxanthin synthase; CCD, carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase; NCED, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase. The metabolites are as follows: IPP, isopentenyl diphosphate; DMAPP, dimethylallyl diphosphate; GGPP, geranylgeranyl diphosphate; Phytoene; phytofluene; lycopene; α-carotene; β-carotene; δ-carotene; γ-carotene; lutein; β-cryptoxanthin; zeaxanthin; antheraxanthin; violaxanthin; neoxanthin; ABA (abscisic acid); apocarotenoids (figure is modified from the reports [22–24]). B Expression profiles of carotenoid metabolic genes (IbGGPS, IbPSY, IbPDS, IbZDS, IbCRTISO, IbLCYB, IbLCYE, IbCHYB, IbCHYE, IbZEP, IbCCD1, IbCCD4, and IbNCED3) in the three sweetpotato varieties with different flesh colors during six tuberous root developmental stages [60, 75, 90, 105, 120, and 135 days after planting (DAP)]. IbActin was used as an internal control. IbCCD1 expression level at 60 DAP in WFSP cv. XS18 was used for calibration. Actual relative expression levels are listed in Additional file 5: Table S4