Table 1.

Study measures and data sources

		Data source
Variable	Definition	Pro Svy	Pro Int	Pt Svy	Pt Int	Video	EMR	Admin
Implementation and effectiveness outcomes
Interpreter use (primary outcome)	Dichotomous variable per non-English language patient visit, constructed by matching professional interpreter vendor invoices to clinic visits with enrolled providers; calculated overall and as assigned (e.g., mobile video interpreting for assigned providers) [27, 46, 57]							X
Patient/parent comprehension	Dichotomous variable coded as yes vs no or unclear, based on 2 blinded coders evaluating concordance between patient-reported and provider-documented diagnosis, against the standard of whether a follow-up provider would know the diagnosis based on the patient-reported information [46, 70]			X			X
Patient factors
Patient/parent health literacy	Confidence in filling out medical forms, with options from extremely confident (0) to not at all confident (4); scores ≥ 2 considered low health literacy [71–73]			X
Visit type	Annual/wellness exam, acute visit, or chronic condition follow-up						X	X
Patient demographics	-Insurance: None/public insurance, private insurance -Race/ethnicity: American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Black, Hispanic, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, multiracial/other, White, prefer to self-describe -Sex: Male, female, or self-describe -Age: Continuous variable			X				X
Respondent demographics (patient or parent)	-English proficiency: Very well, well, not well, not at all -Education: < high school, high school graduate, > high school -Respondent relationship to patient: Self, mother, father, other guardian			X
Provider and clinic barriers, organized by Theoretical Domain Framework and COM-B categories [37]
Capability—psychological
Conceptual knowledge	Importance of communication and interpreter use, via TDF questionnaire [74] and interview	X	X
Technical knowledge	How to access and use an interpreter effectively, via TDF questionnaire [74], interview, and coded provider behaviors on video recording	X	X			X
Attention and decisions	Cognitive overload, via interview		X
Capability—physical
Provider skills	Skills to access interpreter and communicate effectively, via TDF questionnaire [74], interview, and coded provider behaviors on video recording	X	X			X
Motivation—reflective
Beliefs about capabilities	Confidence in ability to access and communicate via interpreter, via TDF questionnaire [74] and interview	X	X
Beliefs about consequences	Belief that interpreter use is important; expected barriers, delays, difficulties; expected quality of communication and interpretation; via TDF questionnaire [74] and interview	X	X
Goals and intentions	Intention to use interpreter via TDF questionnaire [74] and interview and engagement with assigned strategy, measured by mobile video interpreting use and module completion	X	X					X
Motivation—automatic
Professional identity	Sense of professional duty to use interpretation, via TDF questionnaire [74]	X
Reinforcement	Provider-reported satisfaction and communication quality via interview; patient-reported satisfaction with communication and interpretation, via survey (the Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS) communication composite [75–78] and the interpreter satisfaction questionnaire[79]) and interview		X	X	X
Opportunity—social
Social influences	Group and leadership norms, via TDF questionnaire [74], Organizational Readiness for Implementing Change (ORIC) questionnaire [80], the Implementation Leadership Scale (ILS) [81], and interview	X	X
Opportunity—physical
Environmental context and resources	Time constraints, types of interpretation available, difficulty in accessing available interpreter types, wireless infrastructure, and clinic process to identify LEP patients, via TDF questionnaire [74], interview, and coded provider behaviors on video recording	X	X			X

Pro Svy, provider survey; Pro Int, provider interview; Pt Svy, patient/parent survey; Pt Int, patient/parent interview; video, video-recorded visits; EMR, electronic medical record; Admin, administrative data; TDF, Theoretical Domains Framework