Figure 4.

Serum metabolites are associated with kidney-related gut microbiome species (N = 700). (a) Number of serum metabolites (out of 773 named metabolites) associated with kidney trait-related species in Spearman correlation analysis at an FDR-adjusted p-value (q-value) <0.05. Species were clr-transformed and metabolites were inverse-normal transformed for analysis. Only species related to kidney traits in ANCOM2 analysis were included. (b) Spearman correlations of species and kidney trait-related microbiome scores with serum metabolites. Only metabolites that were correlated with at least 1 of these species (q < 0.05) with |r| ≥ 0.3 were included in the heatmap. Species are annotated on the side with taxonomic class, variable(s) they were associated with in ANCOM2, and direction of association with kidney health. Metabolites are annotated on the top with their super-pathway classification, and direction of correlation with eGFR (only if q < 0.05 for correlation with eGFR). *q < 0.05.