Figure 1.

Schematic diagram illustrating outer inner membrane vesicles (OIMV) of Gram negative bacteria (containing cytoplasmic proteins in addition to the periplasmic space proteins in outer membrane vesicles), cytoplasmic membrane vesicles (CMV) of Gram positive bacteria, fungal extracellular vesicles and exosomes. SOD – superoxide dismutase, PG – peptidoglycan, SabA – sialic acid-binding adhesin, VacA – vacuolating cytotoxin, lnlB – Listeria monocytogenes protein, BlaZ – beta lactamase, Hsp – heat shock protein.