Table 1.

List of major extracellular vesicle cargo reported from bacteria and fungi.

FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE	EXTRACELLULAR VESICLE CARGO
	Gram Negative Bacteria	Gram Positive Bacteria	Fungi
Biofilm formation	Long chain ketone CAI-1 (V. harveyi), Pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS) (P. aeruginosa) [54]	Enterococcal surface protein (Esp), (Enterococcus faecium) [58], clumping factor adhesins such as ClfA, ClfB (S. aureus) [59]	Laccase (Cryptococcus neoformans) [31], beta hexosaminidase, chitinase (C. albicans) [60]
Drug susceptibility	β-lactamase (P. aeruginosa) [61], L1 metallo-β-lactamase and L2 serine-β-lactamase (Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) [62]	MsrR conferring methicillin resistance (S. aureus) [31], penicillin binding proteins (S. aureus) [59]	Putative glycanosyltransferase (Phr1) and putative endo-beta-D-glucosidase (Sun41) (C. albicans) [60]
Virulence	Pore­forming toxin ClyA (Escherichia coli) [31], cholera toxin (Vibrio cholerae) [54], CFTR inhibitory factor (P. aeruginosa) [63]	LLO (Listeria monocytogenes) [31], alpha toxin (Hla), cytolysins, leukocidin subunits such as LukS-PV, LukF-PV, LukE, LukD (S. aureus) [59]	Galactosaminogalactan (GAG) (Aspergillus fumigatus) [46], capsular polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) (C. neoformans) [55]
Immune modulation	Alkaline phosphatase, hemolytic phospholipase C (P. aeruginosa) [37], Cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 toxin (E. coli) [64]	Protein A (S. aureus) [57], immune evasion factors such as Sbi, phenol-soluble modulins, catalase, SodA (S. aureus) [59]	Immunogenic GPI-anchored proteins, such as Phr1 (C. albicans) [46], GXM (C. neoformans) [55]