Table 3.
Relative risk ratios for depressive symptoms only, anxiety symptoms only and combined depressive and anxiety symptoms associated with predictor variables, from bivariate and adjusted multinomial logistic regression models, with “no depressive or anxiety symptoms” as the baseline category. MI CReSS. N = 1087a,b
| Depressive symptoms only | Anxiety symptoms only | Combined depressive and anxiety symptoms | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bivariate | Adjusted | Bivariate | Adjusted | Bivariate | Adjusted | |
| Sex (Male ref.) | ||||||
| Female | 0.90 (0.52, 1.55) | 0.84 (0.47, 1.49) | 2.71 (1.56, 4.71) | 2.37 (1.28, 4.38) | 1.83 (1.16, 2.90) | 1.49 (0.91, 2.43) |
| Age (65 + ref.) | ||||||
| 18–34 | 0.64 (0.21, 1.91) | 1.01 (0.32, 3.17) | 8.08 (2.43, 26.94) | 14.06 (3.58, 55.20) | 2.48 (1.18, 5.25) | 3.95 (1.62, 9.65) |
| 35–44 | 0.52 (0.14, 1.90) | 0.59 (0.16, 2.15) | 5.64 (1.58, 20.16) | 7.88 (1.93, 32.21) | 3.13 (1.44, 6.78) | 4.37 (1.77, 10.77) |
| 45–54 | 2.45 (1.03, 5.82) | 2.86 (1.22, 6.71) | 4.82 (1.37, 16.87) | 6.99 (1.76, 27.86) | 2.91 (1.35, 6.31) | 3.73 (1.52, 9.15) |
| 55–64 | 1.57 (0.64, 3.85) | 1.54 (0.64, 3.71) | 2.83 (0.76, 10.51) | 3.11 (0.78, 12.34) | 1.51 (0.67, 3.39) | 1.65 (0.67, 4.09) |
| Race/ethnicity (Non-Hispanic White ref.) | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1.56 (0.78, 3.12) | 1.15 (0.54, 2.47) | 1.22 (0.68, 2.17) | 0.90 (0.46, 1.74) | 0.92 (0.54, 1.55) | 0.88 (0.47, 1.67) |
| Hispanic | 3.24 (1.57, 6.69) | 2.81 (1.19, 6.67) | 1.08 (0.47, 2.47) | 0.53 (0.18, 1.51) | 0.66 (0.29, 1.48) | 0.51 (0.22, 1.21) |
| Another race/ethnicity | 1.31 (0.50, 3.38) | 1.13 (0.41, 3.10) | 0.76 (0.32, 1.79) | 0.43 (0.17, 1.09) | 0.85 (0.42, 1.75) | 0.73 (0.34, 1.58) |
| Income ($75 K + ref.) | ||||||
| < $35 K | 2.12 (1.12, 4.04) | 1.39 (0.67, 2.88) | 2.13 (1.17, 3.86) | 1.72 (0.87, 3.42) | 2.48 (1.49, 4.11) | 2.18 (1.17, 4.09) |
| $35 K–$74,999 | 1.22 (0.59, 2.53) | 1.00 (0.46, 2.17) | 1.28 (0.68, 2.41) | 1.08 (0.54, 2.18) | 1.36 (0.78, 2.37) | 1.24 (0.67, 2.29) |
| Any pre-existing condition, excluding psychiatric (None ref.) | ||||||
| Yes | 2.47 (1.32, 4.62) | 1.70 (0.77, 3.76) | 0.74 (0.46, 1.21) | 0.84 (0.46, 1.53) | 1.84 (1.19, 2.84) | 1.84 (1.09, 3.11) |
| Prior psychiatric condition (None ref.) | ||||||
| Yes | 3.99 (1.96, 8.12) | 3.95 (1.82, 8.61) | 3.99 (2.14, 7.45) | 3.10 (1.60, 6.01) | 7.52 (4.44, 12.73) | 4.83 (2.65, 8.80) |
| Experienced change in access to basic needsc (No change ref.) | ||||||
| Yes | 2.65 (1.50, 4.69) | 1.67 (0.87, 3.18) | 2.79 (1.69, 4.61) | 1.99 (1.13, 3.53) | 2.82 (1.82, 4.37) | 1.81 (1.03, 3.18) |
| Symptom severity (Mild/asymptomatic ref.) | ||||||
| Moderate | 1.79 (0.65, 4.90) | 1.35 (0.50, 3.68) | 1.56 (0.76, 3.22) | 1.36 (0.60, 3.08) | 1.71 (0.85, 3.45) | 1.56 (0.75, 3.28) |
| Severe | 2.56 (0.97, 6.75) | 1.63 (0.61, 4.33) | 1.50 (0.75, 3.02) | 1.22 (0.56, 2.64) | 1.79 (0.92, 3.47) | 1.54 (0.73, 3.25) |
| Very Severe | 3.57 (1.33, 9.56) | 1.39 (0.48, 4.02) | 2.04 (0.98, 4.24) | 1.52 (0.63, 3.67) | 3.30 (1.69, 6.43) | 2.81 (1.28, 6.15) |
| Long COVIDd (None ref.) | ||||||
| Yes | 3.13 (1.80, 5.46) | 2.19 (1.10, 4.37) | 1.93 (1.16, 3.19) | 2.03 (1.09, 3.76) | 2.54 (1.66, 3.89) | 1.88 (1.14, 3.11) |
aBold indicates statistical significance at 0.05 level
bAdjusted models control for all variables in table, as well as survey type (phone versus online) and survey wave
cDefined as inability to access enough food or healthy food, inability to access clean water, or inability to pay important bills (including rent and utilities)
dSelf-reported symptom length of at least 60 days