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. 2023 Mar 14:1–14. Online ahead of print. doi: 10.1007/s10439-023-03169-2

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© The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Biomedical Engineering Society 2023, Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

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(a) Peak force for repeated drop impact testing of a cutout section of the padded helmet shell cover. Mean values for each group of tests are shown, with error bars representing standard error of the mean. P-values below 0.1 from ANOVA are shown. (b) HARM values for 100 consecutive impacts to the Oblique Front location of a Riddell Speedflex Diamond helmet equipped with a padded helmet shell cover. All impacts were delivered by a pneumatic linear impactor at 3.5 m/s, with its end cap covered with a padded helmet shell cover.