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. 2023 Mar 14:1–14. Online ahead of print. doi: 10.1007/s10439-023-03169-2

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© The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Biomedical Engineering Society 2023, Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

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Peak force from impact testing on a cutout sample of the padded helmet shell cover. Each sample was exposed to the temperature condition for 18 h prior to testing. Bar height represents the mean value of each group of tests with error bars representing standard error of the mean. P-values below 0.1 from ANOVA are shown.