Proteins commonly used in PC-related studies.

Protein type	Molecular weight (kDa)	Isoelectric point (pI)	Location	Human plasma concentration	Main functions	Ref.
Human serum albumin	∼67	4.7	Blood stream	35–50 mg mL−1	Transport-related proteins	39
					Maintaining osmotic blood pressure
Bovine serum albumin	∼69.3	4.7	Blood stream of cow	N/A	Regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood	40
			Whey component of bovine milk
Fibronectin	∼500	5.6–6.1	Blood stream	300 to 400 μg mL−1	Cell adhesion, spreading, proliferation, migration, apoptosis, wound healing, and disease progression	41–43
			ECM
Fibrinogen	∼340	5.5–5.8	Blood stream	1.5–4.0 g L−1	Blood clot formation	44, 45
					Wound healing
					Inflammation
					Blood vessel growth
Factor XII	∼80	6.1–6.5	Bloodstream (it circulates as a zymogen, an inactivated enzyme)	15–47 μg ml−1	An enzyme circulating in the form of zymogen in blood and capable of initiating the clotting and fibrinolytic upon activation	46
von Willebrand factor	∼500–20 000	5.7–5.9	Blood stream	5–10 mg l−1	Hemostasis	47
					Platelet adhesion and aggregation during wound healing
Immunoglobulin G	∼150	5.9–6.1	Blood stream, extracellular fluid	8–17 mg mL−1	Humoral immunity	39
Transferrin	∼80	∼6	Blood stream	200–400 mg dL−1	Transporting iron	48
Plasminogen	92	5.6	Blood stream	200 mg L−1	Breaks down fibrin blood clots	49
Hemoglobin	∼65	6.3	Red blood cells in blood stream	N/A	Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide	50, 51
Lysozyme	∼14	11.1	Tears of the lacrimal glands of animals nasal mucus	N/A	Antimicrobial activity	52, 53
			Gastric secretions and egg white		Modulating the host immune response to infection (innate immunity)
β-Lactoglobulin	18.4	5.2	Bovine milk and whey	N/A	Transporting hydrophobic molecules	52
Myoglobin	∼17	6.8–7.4	Heart and skeletal muscles cells, blood stream (only in case of muscle damage)	6–85 × 10−9 g mL−1	Transporting oxygen	54, 55
Apolipoprotein E	∼34	∼5.3	Blood stream	5 mg/100 ml	A key regulator of plasma lipid levels	56, 57
			Interstitial fluid and lymph		Homeostatic control of plasma and tissue lipid content
Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1)	28.3	5.0–5.5	Blood stream	0.8–1.7 mg mL−1	Lipid metabolism	39
					Transport-related protein
Collagen type I	300	∼7.2	ECM	N/A	Supporting mechanical strength of tissues and organs	58, 59
Apolipoprotein J (clusterin)	∼70–80	4.9–5.4 (for each subunit)	Blood stream, urine, breast milk, semen, and cerebrospinal	2–70 mg L−1	Lipid transportation	60, 61
					Tumor growth
					Cell adhesion
					Tissue remodeling
					Immune system regulation
					Oxidative stress
					Amyloid associated protein
Insulin	∼5.8	5.4	Blood stream	∼0.34 mU ml−1	Controlling the blood content of glucose	62
γ-Globulins	155–160	6.8–6.9	Blood stream	25 mg mL−1	Defense mechanism	63
					Transportation
Prothrombin	∼70	∼5.2	Blood stream	1 × 10−4 g mL−1	An inactive precursor to thrombin, an essential component of the blood-clotting	64, 65