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. 2023 Mar 14;6(1):ooad016. doi: 10.1093/jamiaopen/ooad016

Table 3.

PASC vs COVID positive comparison TreeScan results

Cut Node Tree level Log likelihood ratio P value N cases observed N cases expected Percent excess cases
A00–B99 Certain infections and parasitic diseases
7 B94 Sequelae of other and unspecified infectious and parasitic diseases 3 281.31 .001 157 26.17 499.92
8 B90–B94 Sequelae of infectious and parasitic diseases 2 281.31 .001 157 26.17 499.92
9 B94.8 Sequelae of other specified infectious and parasitic diseases 4 275.93 .001 154 25.67 499.92
17 A00–B99 Certain infections and parasitic diseases 1 120.32 .001 1119 186.50 115.55
152 A65–A69 Other spirochaetal diseases 2 11.74 .002 15 2.50 340.00
182 B95–B98 Bacterial, viral, and other infectious agents 2 9.95 .024 301 50.17 61.45
D50–D89 Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism
44 D89.89 Other specified disorders involving the immune mechanism, not elsewhere classified 5 48.29 .001 46 7.67 395.44
62 D89 Other disorders involving the immune mechanism, not elsewhere classified 3 27.93 .001 116 19.33 179.36
65 D50–D89 Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism 1 26.84 .001 941 156.83 56.86
69 D89.8 Other specified disorders involving the immune mechanism, not elsewhere classified 4 24.44 .001 104 17.33 176.98
116 D80–D89 Certain disorders involving the immune mechanism 2 14.83 .001 331 55.17 72.20
E00–E90 Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases
39 E00–E90 Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases 1 52.09 .001 1571 261.83 61.56
59 E70–E88 Metabolic disorders 2 31.77 .001 671 111.83 74.37
88 E65–E68 Obesity and other hyperalimentation 2 19.65 .001 192 32.00 112.50
91 E66 Overweight and obesity 3 18.66 .001 188 31.33 110.66
136 E66.9 Obesity, unspecified 4 12.92 .001 78 13.00 146.15
147 E87 Other disorders of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance 3 12.03 .002 185 30.83 88.13
171 E86.0 Dehydration 4 10.57 .019 101 16.83 113.90
174 E86 Volume depletion 3 10.31 .020 106 17.67 109.39
F00–F99 Mental and behavioral disorders
21 F00–F99 Mental and behavioral disorders 1 97.90 .001 2037 339.50 74.96
49 F40–F48 Neurotic, stress-related, and somatoform disorders 2 45.19 .001 632 105.33 92.73
70 F41 Other anxiety disorders 3 24.34 .001 277 46.17 103.60
74 F80–F89 Disorders of psychological development 2 22.51 .001 506 84.33 71.94
89 F41.9 Anxiety disorder, unspecified 4 19.64 .001 196 32.67 111.20
101 F44 Dissociative and conversion disorders 3 16.71 .001 27 4.50 300.00
129 F30–F39 Mood [affective] disorders 2 13.88 .001 279 46.50 76.34
143 F00–F09 Organic, including symptomatic, mental disorders 2 12.30 .002 30 5.00 240.00
179 F90–F98 Behavioral and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence 2 10.11 .022 200 33.33 77.02
180 F32 Depressive episode 3 10.01 .022 183 30.50 80.33
203 F41.1 Generalized anxiety disorder 4 9.03 .042 36 6.00 183.33
G00–G99 Diseases of the nervous system
12 G00–G99 Diseases of the nervous system 1 199.49 .001 2560 426.67 97.11
23 G40–G47 Episodic and paroxysmal disorders 2 89.80 .001 1640 273.33 80.37
28 G89–G99 Other disorders of the nervous system 2 83.68 .001 570 95.00 136.84
37 G89 Pain, not elsewhere classified 3 57.51 .001 296 49.33 159.48
41 G43 Migraine 3 50.63 .001 337 56.17 138.56
43 G89.2 Chronic pain, not elsewhere classified 4 48.80 .001 225 37.50 169.33
45 G89.29 Other chronic pain 5 48.22 .001 223 37.17 169.03
55 G47 Sleep disorders 3 36.02 .001 581 96.83 85.89
57 G90 Disorders of autonomic nervous system 3 32.80 .001 38 6.33 358.14
58 G44 Other headache syndromes 3 32.26 .001 107 17.83 202.86
63 G43.0 Migraine without aura 4 27.64 .001 137 22.83 162.81
68 G90.9 Disorder of the autonomic nervous system, unspecified 4 25.05 .001 17 2.83 465.37
71 G00–G09 Inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system 2 23.34 .001 62 10.33 229.14
73 G44.5 Complicated headache syndromes 4 22.88 .001 26 4.33 361.89
90 G04 Encephalitis, myelitis, and encephalomyelitis 3 19.22 .001 37 6.17 272.77
98 G43.01 Migraine without aura, intractable 5 16.91 .001 49 8.17 218.24
99 G44.52 New daily persistent headache (NDPH) 5 16.87 .001 22 3.67 335.97
115 G04.8 Other encephalitis, myelitis, and encephalomyelitis 4 14.85 .001 24 4.00 300.00
119 G90.1 Familial dysautonomia [Riley-Day] 4 14.75 .001 11 1.83 446.45
125 G93 Other disorders of brain 3 14.10 .001 175 29.17 98.83
127 G43.019 Migraine without aura, intractable, without status migrainosus 6 13.99 .001 39 6.50 223.08
132 G47.3 Sleep apnea 4 13.60 .001 321 53.50 70.09
141 G43.009 Migraine without aura, not intractable, without status migrainosus 6 12.71 .001 75 12.50 148.00
146 G43.00 Migraine without aura, not intractable 5 12.06 .002 88 14.67 131.77
160 G93.3 Postviral fatigue syndrome 4 11.27 .007 11 1.83 391.80
167 G44.8 Other specified headache syndromes 4 10.80 .007 21 3.50 271.43
183 G43.80 Other migraine, not intractable 5 9.92 .026 12 2.00 350.00
188 G44.89 Other headache syndrome 5 9.77 .026 17 2.83 288.69
I00–I99 Diseases of the circulatory system
47 I00–I99 Diseases of the circulatory system 1 46.29 .001 893 148.83 78.06
87 I49 Other cardiac arrhythmias 3 19.75 .001 39 6.50 269.23
97 I30–I52 Other forms of heart disease 2 17.11 .001 261 43.50 88.51
128 I95.1 Orthostatic hypotension 4 13.96 .001 20 3.33 320.42
135 I49.8 Other specified cardiac arrhythmias 4 13.17 .001 26 4.33 269.52
178 I95–I99 Other and unspecified disorders of the circulatory system 2 10.17 .022 68 11.33 138.31
198 I51 Complications and ill-defined descriptions of heart disease 3 9.16 .041 39 6.50 176.92
J00–J99 Diseases of the respiratory system
25 J00–J99 Diseases of the respiratory system 1 86.96 .001 3044 507.33 56.90
53 J40–J47 Chronic lower respiratory diseases 2 41.76 .001 885 147.50 74.24
54 J45 Asthma 3 41.35 .001 852 142.00 75.35
75 J45.9 Other and unspecified asthma 4 22.14 .001 254 42.33 103.17
86 J30–J39 Other diseases of upper respiratory tract 2 19.77 .001 603 100.50 61.19
92 J12.8 Other viral pneumonia 4 18.35 .001 23 3.83 343.86
94 J96–J99 Other diseases of the respiratory system 2 18.06 .001 391 65.17 73.39
95 J45.909 Unspecified asthma, uncomplicated 6 17.67 .001 180 30.00 110.00
111 J12 Viral pneumonia, not elsewhere classified 3 15.81 .001 39 6.50 238.46
113 J45.90 Unspecified asthma 5 15.08 .001 212 35.33 92.47
122 J12.82 Pneumonia due to coronavirus disease 2019 5 14.49 .001 13 2.17 406.91
139 J38 Diseases of vocal cords and larynx, not elsewhere classified 3 12.80 .001 54 9.00 177.78
144 J03 Acute tonsillitis 3 12.30 .002 30 5.00 240.00
150 J98 Other respiratory disorders 3 11.90 .002 152 25.33 97.39
153 J96.0 Acute respiratory failure 4 11.61 .003 82 13.67 134.09
156 J03.91 Acute recurrent tonsillitis, unspecified 5 11.38 .006 9 1.50 433.33
175 J45.4 Moderate persistent asthma 4 10.22 .021 156 26.00 88.46
184 J09–J18 Influenza and pneumonia 2 9.92 .026 210 35.00 74.29
194 J15 Bacterial pneumonia, not elsewhere classified 3 9.33 .038 26 4.33 223.33
199 J45.40 Moderate persistent asthma, uncomplicated 5 9.10 .042 132 22.00 90.91
K00–K93 Diseases of the digestive system
165 K20–K31 Diseases of oesophagus, stomach, and duodenum 2 10.94 .007 387 64.50 56.59
181 K00–K93 Diseases of the digestive system 1 10.00 .022 2054 342.33 22.69
L00–L99 Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue
96 L00–L99 Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue 1 17.45 .001 966 161.00 44.72
M00–M99 Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue
15 M00–M99 Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue 1 183.48 .001 3258 543.00 81.58
22 M20–M25 Other joint disorders 2 93.84 .001 1038 173.00 105.20
31 M25 Other joint disorder, not elsewhere classified 3 67.30 .001 658 109.67 112.46
36 M25.5 Pain in joint 4 59.36 .001 462 77.00 127.27
46 M79 Other and unspecified soft tissue disorders, not elsewhere classified 3 47.13 .001 476 79.33 110.51
50 M79.1 Myalgia 4 43.85 .001 111 18.50 235.14
52 M70–M79 Other soft tissue disorders 2 42.76 .001 527 87.83 99.25
72 M25.50 Pain in unspecified joint 5 23.03 .001 51 8.50 252.94
77 M79.18 Myalgia, other site 5 21.61 .001 56 9.33 232.26
78 M60–M63 Disorders of muscles 2 21.37 .001 402 67.00 79.10
82 M79.10 Myalgia, unspecified site 5 20.46 .001 52 8.67 234.49
83 M62 Other disorders of muscle 3 20.15 .001 396 66.00 77.27
84 M25.56 Pain in knee 5 20.03 .001 171 28.50 121.05
93 M02.3 Reiter’s disease 4 18.16 .001 13 2.17 453.00
102 M50–M54 Other dorsopathies 2 16.59 .001 268 44.67 85.81
103 M35 Other systemic involvement of connective tissue 3 16.47 .001 38 6.33 247.55
104 M02.30 Reiter’s disease, unspecified site 5 16.45 .001 12 2.00 450.00
105 M30–M36 Systemic connective tissue disorders 2 16.32 .001 97 16.17 147.37
107 M02 Postinfective and reactive arthropathies 3 16.12 .001 14 2.33 415.02
110 M54 Dorsalgia 3 15.84 .001 242 40.33 88.45
112 M62.8 Other specified disorders of muscle 4 15.76 .001 343 57.17 73.17
114 M00–M02 Infectious arthropathies 2 15.05 .001 19 3.17 341.64
121 M21 Other acquired deformities of limbs 3 14.56 .001 177 29.50 100.00
126 M79.6 Pain in limb, hand, foot, fingers, and toes 4 14.06 .001 318 53.00 71.70
130 M24 Other specific joint derangements 3 13.77 .001 156 26.00 103.85
133 M24.9 Joint derangement, unspecified 4 13.23 .001 16 2.67 349.44
137 M25.55 Pain in hip 5 12.87 .001 71 11.83 153.59
140 M86–M90 Other osteopathies 2 12.78 .001 144 24.00 104.17
151 M35.7 Hypermobility syndrome 4 11.87 .002 25 4.17 259.71
154 M79.60 Pain in limb, unspecified 5 11.55 .003 129 21.50 104.65
161 M25.551 Pain in right hip 6 11.09 .007 29 4.83 231.26
172 M25.561 Pain in right knee 6 10.42 .020 86 14.33 123.31
186 M62.81 Muscle weakness (generalized) 5 9.77 .026 180 30.00 80.00
189 M89.1 Physeal arrest 4 9.69 .034 10 1.67 379.04
192 M79.66 Pain in lower leg 5 9.40 .037 32 5.33 200.19
193 M21.8 Other specified acquired deformities of limbs 4 9.37 .037 23 3.83 239.43
196 M89 Other disorders of bone 3 9.27 .040 49 8.17 157.04
Q00–Q99 Congenital malformations, deformations, and chromosomal abnormalities
191 Q79 Congenital malformations of musculoskeletal system, not elsewhere classified 3 9.52 .036 59 9.83 144.15
197 Q00–Q99 Congenital malformations, deformations, and chromosomal abnormalities 1 9.23 .041 746 124.33 36.73
R00–R99 Symptoms, signs, and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified
1 R00–R99 Symptoms, signs, and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified 1 816.06 .001 8383 1397.17 109.49
6 R00–R09 Symptoms and signs involving the circulatory and respiratory systems 2 365.38 .001 2038 339.67 152.60
10 R06.0 Dyspnea 4 242.71 .001 381 63.50 304.72
11 R06 Abnormalities of breathing 3 207.49 .001 706 117.67 199.99
13 R50–R69 General symptoms and signs 2 195.76 .001 2236 372.67 103.40
14 R53 Malaise and fatigue 3 185.81 .001 403 67.17 255.81
16 R53.8 Other malaise and fatigue 4 179.60 .001 338 56.33 276.35
18 R40–R46 Symptoms and signs involving cognition, perception, emotional state, and behavior 2 106.54 .001 724 120.67 137.01
19 R53.83 Other fatigue 5 105.25 .001 230 38.33 254.81
20 R06.02 Shortness of breath 5 99.42 .001 148 24.67 313.46
24 R10–R19 Symptoms and signs involving the digestive system and abdomen 2 88.31 .001 1710 285.00 77.89
26 R07 Pain in throat and chest 3 86.65 .001 281 46.83 205.36
27 R06.00 Dyspnea, unspecified 5 86.01 .001 104 17.33 350.09
29 R06.09 Other forms of dyspnea 5 79.13 .001 81 13.50 381.48
30 R42 Dizziness and giddiness 3 67.75 .001 175 29.17 232.53
32 R07.9 Chest pain, unspecified 4 62.74 .001 151 25.17 241.68
35 R25–R29 Symptoms and signs involving the nervous and musculoskeletal systems 2 60.00 .001 300 50.00 162.00
38 R51 Headache 3 53.53 .001 234 39.00 174.36
40 R53.82 Chronic fatigue, unspecified 5 51.50 .001 48 8.00 400.00
42 R51.9 Headache, unspecified 4 48.87 .001 208 34.67 176.90
48 R00 Abnormalities of heart beat 3 45.42 .001 206 34.33 170.90
51 R10 Abdominal and pelvic pain 3 42.83 .001 648 108.00 88.89
56 R00.2 Palpitations 4 34.35 .001 74 12.33 256.85
60 R29 Other symptoms and signs involving the nervous and musculoskeletal systems 3 28.87 .001 187 31.17 140.62
61 R53.81 Other malaise 5 28.50 .001 60 10.00 260.00
64 R07.89 Other chest pain 5 27.49 .001 88 14.67 206.75
66 R07.8 Other chest pain 4 25.91 .001 104 17.33 182.75
67 R05 Cough 3 25.83 .001 412 68.67 86.40
76 R43 Disturbances of smell and taste 3 21.89 .001 39 6.50 284.62
79 R55 Syncope and collapse 3 21.24 .001 88 14.67 179.48
80 R11 Nausea and vomiting 3 20.83 .001 454 75.67 73.12
81 R41 Other symptoms and signs involving cognitive functions and awareness 3 20.57 .001 128 21.33 143.79
100 R00.0 Tachycardia, unspecified 4 16.84 .001 92 15.33 154.40
106 R09 Other symptoms and signs involving the circulatory and respiratory system 3 16.24 .001 340 56.67 74.70
108 R29.9 Unspecified symptoms and signs involving the nervous and musculoskeletal systems 4 16.12 .001 16 2.67 386.89
109 R10.1 Pain localized to upper abdomen 4 15.91 .001 128 21.33 125.04
117 R10.84 Generalized abdominal pain 5 14.81 .001 180 30.00 100.00
118 R90–R96 Abnormal findings on diagnostic imaging and in function studies, without diagnosis 2 14.79 .001 278 46.33 79.15
120 R10.8 Other abdominal pain 4 14.65 .001 189 31.50 96.83
123 R29.90 Unspecified symptoms and signs involving the nervous system 5 14.49 .001 13 2.17 406.91
131 R70–R79 Abnormal findings on examination of blood, without diagnosis 2 13.68 .001 298 49.67 73.14
134 R26 3 13.17 .001 26 4.33 269.52
138 R27 Other lack of coordination 3 12.83 .001 38 6.33 215.96
142 R06.8 Other abnormalities of breathing 4 12.46 .002 261 43.50 74.71
145 R68 Other general symptoms and signs 3 12.27 .002 130 21.67 107.66
148 R30–R39 Symptoms and signs involving the urinary system 2 11.96 .002 314 52.33 66.25
149 R04 Hemorrhage from respiratory passages 3 11.95 .002 56 9.33 167.95
155 R53.1 Weakness 4 11.55 .003 64 10.67 153.05
158 R09.0 Asphyxia and hypoxemia 4 11.31 .006 106 17.67 115.05
159 R09.02 Hypoxemia 5 11.31 .006 106 17.67 115.05
162 R05.9 Cough, unspecified 4 11.06 .007 212 35.33 78.32
163 R31 Hematuria 3 11.05 .007 48 8.00 175.00
164 R19 Other symptoms and signs involving the digestive system and abdomen 3 10.97 .007 195 32.50 81.54
166 R29.898 Other symptoms and signs involving the musculoskeletal system 6 10.86 .007 96 16.00 118.75
168 R10.13 Epigastric pain 5 10.76 .007 81 13.50 129.63
169 R11.0 Nausea 4 10.59 .019 97 16.17 116.45
170 R29.89 Other symptoms and signs involving the musculoskeletal system 5 10.59 .019 97 16.17 116.45
173 R29.8 Other symptoms and signs involving the nervous and musculoskeletal systems 4 10.37 .020 126 21.00 100.00
176 R13 Aphagia and dysphagia 3 10.22 .021 299 49.83 62.55
177 R13.1 Dysphagia 4 10.22 .021 299 49.83 62.55
185 R68.89 Other general symptoms and signs 5 9.82 .026 96 16.00 112.50
187 R26.2 Difficulty in walking, not elsewhere classified 4 9.77 .026 17 2.83 288.69
190 R06.83 Snoring 5 9.61 .035 113 18.83 101.81
195 R04.0 Epistaxis 4 9.27 .040 49 8.17 157.04
200 R46 Symptoms and signs involving appearance and behavior 3 9.10 .042 132 22.00 90.91
201 R41.8 Other symptoms and signs involving cognitive functions and awareness 4 9.08 .042 95 15.83 108.46
202 R05.3 Chronic cough 4 9.03 .042 36 6.00 183.33
S00–T98 Injury, poisoning, and certain other consequences of external causes
157 S72.3 Fracture of shaft of femur 4 11.38 .006 9 1.50 433.33
U00–U95 Codes for special purposes
2 U09 Post COVID-19 condition 3 614.57 .001 343 57.17 499.97
3 U09.9 Post COVID-19 condition, unspecified 4 614.57 .001 343 57.17 499.97
4 U00–U95 Codes for special purposes 1 509.50 .001 657 109.50 338.36
5 U00–U49 Provisional assignment of new diseases of uncertain etiology or emergency use 2 509.50 .001 657 109.50 338.36
33 U07.1 Emergency use of U07.1 | COVID-19 4 62.65 .001 314 52.33 161.80
34 U07 3 62.65 .001 314 52.33 161.80
Z00–Z99 Factors influencing health status and contact with health services
85 Z69–Z76 Persons encountering health services in other circumstances 2 19.96 .001 268 44.67 94.76
124 Z00–Z99 Factors influencing health status and contact with health services 1 14.19 .001 2063 343.83 27.10