Table 1.
Selected sonochemical PFAS degradation technologies.
| Type of solution | Type of PFAS and concentration | Atmosphere | Irradiation time (min), sonolytic frequency (kHz), and power density (W/L or W/cm2) | Degradation rate constant (min−1) | Yield | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Synthetic | PFOA (C0 = 10 ppm) and PFOS (C0 = 10 ppm) | air | 60 min | PFOA: 0.0155 | 63% | [37] |
| 200 kHz | PFOS: 0.0068 | 28% | ||||
| argon | PFOA: 0.032 | 85% | [37] | |||
| 200 W/L | PFOS: 0.016 | 60% | ||||
| Landfill/groundwater | PFOA (C0 = 100 ppb) and PFOS (C0 = 100 ppb) | argon | 120 min | PFOA: 0.021 | - | [38] |
| 354 kHz | ||||||
| 250 W/L | PFOS: 0.0094 | |||||
| Synthetic | PFOA (C0 = 30 ppb) and PFOS (C0 = 60 ppb) | argon | 180 min | PFOA: - | 44% | [39] |
| 358 kHz | PFOS: - | 39% | ||||
| 250 W/L | ||||||
| AFFF concentrate | PFOS (C0 = 65 ppb to 13,000 ppb) | argon | 120 min | - | 73% | [44] |
| 505 kHz | ||||||
| 188 W/L | ||||||
| Synthetic | PFOA (C0 = 0.24 μM) and PFOS (C0 = 0.2 μM) | argon | 120 min | PFOA: 0.041 | - | [46] |
| 358 kHz | PFOS: 0.027 | |||||
| 250 W/L | ||||||
| Synthetic | PFOS (C0 = 100 μM) | argon | 120 min | F− release rate of 3.58 | - | [40] |
| 500 kHz | μMmin−1 | |||||
| 8 W/cm2 | ||||||
| Synthetic | PFOA (C0 = 0.24 μM) and PFOS (C0 = 0.2 μM) | argon | 120 min | PFOA: 0.027 | - | [47] |
| 202 kHz | PFOS: 0.013 | |||||
| 250 W/L | ||||||